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1Introduction1 1£®1Concepts and sorts of materials1 1£®1£®1Definition and categories of the materials 2 1£®1£®2Materials in society revolution4 1£®1£®3Development of materials 5 1£®2Content and relation of materials science5 1£®2£®1Mechanical property6 1£®2£®2Physicalproperty6 1£®2£®3Materials structure7 1£®3Materials and mechanical engineering7 1£®3£®1Materials of mechanical engineering7 1£®3£®2Mechanical engineering7 1£®4Mechanical properties of materials8 1£®4£®1Strength 8 1£®4£®2Hardness9 1£®4£®3Plasticity10 1£®4£®4Ductility10 2NonferrousMetals12 2£®1Aluminum and Al alloys12 2£®1£®1Background in aluminum12 2£®1£®2Pure aluminum13 2£®1£®3Aluminum alloy14 2£®2Copper and Cu alloys16 2£®2£®1Background in copper16 2£®2£®2Pure copper17 2£®2£®3Copper alloy18 2£®3Magnesium and Mg alloys19 2£®3£®1Background in magnesium19 2£®3£®2Properties of magnesium alloy 19 2£®3£®3Application of magnesium alloy20 2£®4Titanium alloy21 2£®4£®1Background in titanium 21 2£®4£®2Properties of titanium alloy21 2£®4£®3Application of titanium alloy22 3Metal Structure and Deformation Mechanism23 3£®1Crystalstructure of metals23 3£®1£®1Concept of crystal structure23 3£®1£®2Crystal orientation and plane25 3£®1£®3Types of crystal structure commonly found in metals27 3£®1£®4Isotropy and anisotropy of materials29 3£®1£®5Actual structure of metals30 3£®2Crystallization of metal373£®2£®1Concept of crystallization37 3£®2£®2Crystallization process39 3£®2£®3Supercooling40 3£®2£®4Control of grain size 41 3£®2£®5Structure of ingot41 3£®3Recovery£¬recrystallization£¬and grain growth43 3£®3£®1Structure and property of deformed metal during heating43 3£®3£®2Recovery443£®3£®3Recrystallization44 3£®3£®4Grain growth after recrystallization45 3£®4Deformation mechanism47 3£®4£®1Definition of deformation 47 3£®4£®2Plastic deformation of monocrystal47 3£®4£®3Plastic deformation of polycrystalline48 3£®4£®4Effects of plastic deformation onperformance of metal49 3£®4£®5Hot working and cold working of metals50 4Metal Alloys and Heat Treatment53 4£®1Crystal structure of alloys53 4£®1£®1Basic concepts of alloys53 4£®1£®2Solid solution54 4£®1£®3Intermetallic compounds56 4£®2Binary alloy diagram57 4£®2£®1Basicconcepts57 4£®2£®2Uniform crystallization process 58 4£®2£®3Lever rule59 4£®2£®4Eutectic diagram60 4£®2£®5Several basic binary phase diagrams61 4£®3Phase structure and properties in ironcarbon alloys62 4£®3£®1Basic concepts 62 4£®3£®2Ironcarbon equilibrium diagram 644£®3£®3Ironcarbon equilibrium phase66 4£®3£®4Effects of carbon content on ironcarbon alloy69 4£®4Heat treatment of metal69 4£®4£®1Annealing69 4£®4£®2Normalizing70 4£®4£®3Quenching71 4£®4£®4Tempering71 4£®4£®5Chemical heat treatment71 5Key Technology in Casting and MeltTreatment73 5£®1Solidification in casting alloys73 5£®1£®1Definition of solidification 73 5£®1£®2Solidification of pure metals74 5£®1£®3Solidification of alloys75 5£®1£®4Mode of solidification 76 5£®2Fluid flow of molten metal77 5£®2£®1Fluidity of alloy77 5£®2£®2Fillingcapacity of the alloy78 5£®3Shrinkage of alloys79 5£®3£®1Shrinkage of cast alloys79 5£®3£®2Shrinkage cavity and shrinkage pore 80 5£®3£®3Factors affecting alloy shrinkage83 5£®3£®4Preventive measures for shrinkage83 5£®4Casting stress£¬cracks and blowhole84 5£®4£®1Castingstress84 5£®4£®2Casting deformation85 5£®4£®3Casting cracks85 5£®4£®4Segregation87 5£®4£®5Blowhole88 5£®5Casting methods and riser90 5£®5£®1Metal mold casting90 5£®5£®2Low pressure casting92 5£®5£®3Pressure casting93 5£®5£®4Riser97 5£®5£®5Casting parameters97 5£®6Key technologyin casting of aluminum alloy98 5£®6£®1Purification effect evaluation98 5£®6£®2Purification effect on deformed aluminum alloy99 6Plastic Deformation£¬Physical Simulation and Hot Processing Map102 6£®1Principles of plastic deformation102 6£®1£®1Definition of plasticdeformation102 6£®1£®2Effects of plastic deformation on metal103 6£®1£®3Malleability105 6£®2Forging107 6£®2£®1Definition and classification107 6£®2£®2Opendie forging 108 6£®2£®3Closedie forging 110 6£®2£®4Forging defects 110 6£®3Rolling112 6£®3£®1Rolling process112 6£®3£®2Flatrolling114 6£®4Defects in rolled plates and sheets118 6£®4£®1Advantages and disadvantages of rolling118 6£®4£®2Defects in plates and sheets119 6£®4£®3Residual stresses119 6£®4£®4Roller leveling119 6£®4£®5Sliver defect in AlMg alloy120 6£®5Bending and deep drawing1246£®5£®1Bending124 6£®5£®2Deep Drawing125 6£®6Stressstrain curve and dynamic recrystallization kinetics model126 6£®6£®1Experiments for stressstrain curve127 6£®6£®2True stressstrain curves of hot compression deformation127 6£®6£®3Kinetics equation of dynamic recrystallization1286£®6£®4Volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization130 6£®7Hot processing map131 6£®7£®1Definition of hot processing map131 6£®7£®2Theory of hot processing map131 6£®7£®3Experiments of alloy for hot processing map133 6£®7£®4Construction of hot processing map134 7KeyTechnology in Welding of Nonferrous Alloys139 7£®1Welding and welding joint139 7£®1£®1Definition of welding139 7£®1£®2Classification of welding140 7£®1£®3Structure of welding joint141 7£®1£®4Selection of metals in welding142 7£®2Welding quality142 7£®2£®1Weldability1427£®2£®2Welding thermal process143 7£®2£®3Welding defects143 7£®3Welding of aluminum alloy and copper alloy146 7£®3£®1Aluminum alloy welding technology146 7£®3£®2Copper alloy welding technology146 8Analytical Testing Techniques in Nonferrous Alloys148 8£®1Optical microscopy1488£®1£®1Definition of optical microscopy148 8£®1£®2Principles of metallographic analysis148 8£®1£®3Metallographic display methods149 8£®1£®4Optical microscopy in nonferrous metals151 8£®2Scanning electron microscopy161 8£®2£®1Definition of scanning electron microscopy1618£®2£®2Principles of scanning electron microscopy 161 8£®2£®3Characteristics of scanning electron microscopy162 8£®2£®4Scanning electron microscopy in nonferrous metals163 8£®3Transmission electron microscopy167 8£®3£®1Definition of transmission electron microscopy1678£®3£®2Principles of transmission electron microscopy168 8£®3£®3Transmission electron microscopy in nonferrous metals169 8£®4Electron backscattered diffraction171 8£®4£®1Definition of electron backscattered diffraction171 8£®4£®2Principles of electron backscattereddiffraction172 8£®4£®3Characteristics of electron backscattered diffraction173 8£®4£®4Research and status of EBSD174 8£®4£®5Electron backscatter diffraction in nonferrous Metals174 8£®5Differential thermal analysis186 8£®5£®1Definition of differential thermal analysis1868£®5£®2Principles of differential thermal analysis186 References188