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Chapter 1 Scientific significance and strategic position of the discipline of solid mechanics 1.1 Definition and scientific significance of the discipline of solid mechanics Solid mechanics is a sub-discipline of mechanics£¬ which studies the load-bearing£¬ deformation and damage behavior of solids and their structural systems under various forms of external loadings£¬ as well as relevant effects at multiple length/time scales. Solid materials (including those that exist naturally and those that are man-made) and their structural systems are ubiquitous objectives underpinning human survival£¬ as well as the domestic and industrial activities of human beings. The capability to reasonably utilize solid materials to design and manufacture machinery£¬ tools and load-bearing structures while ensuring their operation with safety and high efficiency is an important sign of social advancement as well as a monumental achievement of human civilization. In fact£¬ solid mechanics is one of the earliest developed sub-disciplines of mechanics£¬ and it has been at the center of science and engineering many times in the development of human civilization. In China£¬ numerous discourses on the rational uses of solid materials are recorded in ancient books where profound basic principles of solid mechanics are already implied. In Europe£¬ a number of rudimentary studies on solid mechanics arose long before the times of Isaac Newton. Among these studies£¬ the theoretical analysis of bar strength by Galileo Galilei and the experimental test on bar tensile properties by Robert Hooke both left an important mark in the history of science and technology. In the 18th century£¬ to meet the needs of industrial development£¬ the French government established the famous école Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and école Polytechnique in Paris where a large number of structural mechanics talents were trained at the time. France thus became the first Strategies for Academic Discipline Development in China: Solid Mechanics country that trained distinguished engineers through systematic mechanics education. Such a paradigm was then followed by many other European countries£¬ contributing greatly to the development of engineering sciences. Solid mechanics plays a vital role in the development of modern industries. Karl Marx once stated that ¡°mechanics is the real scientific basis of large-scale industry¡±. As one of the most important branches of mechanics£¬ solid mechanics has not only directly contributed to the progress and prosperity of many modern industries (e.g.£¬ civil construction£¬ machinery manufacturing and aerospace)£¬ tremendously expanded the spectrum of human activity£¬ and improved the quality of human life£¬ but also provided fundamental theories and successful research paradigms for the natural and engineering sciences. The development of fracture mechanics has greatly reduced the number of catastrophic accidents caused by structural fractures£¬ resulting in an unprecedented improvement in the safety and reliability of transport vehicles (e.g.£¬ aircraft£¬ automobiles and ships) and engineering structures (e.g.£¬ bridges and dams). Research on the mechanics of composite materials has profoundly revealed the intrinsic mechanisms of material damage and failure£¬ and provided viable strategies for the strengthening and toughening of advanced materials£¬ which enables widespread applications of various advanced materials in a myriad of areas. Actually£¬ the design£¬ construction/manufacture and maintenance of products of different scales£¬ ranging from large structures/machines (such as super-high-rise buildings£¬ jet airliners and giant tankers) to micro/nanoscale structures/devices such as computer chips£¬ cardiovascular stents£¬ as well as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)/ nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)£¬ are highly dependent on the theory and methods of solid mechanics. Many accidents in recent years involving major equipment are attributed to fatigue£¬ damage and other reasons£¬ which continuously indicate the extreme significance of solid mechanics research in ensuring the safety of important structures and advanced equipment. Currently£¬ solid mechanics is widely recognized as a foundational discipline for a wide range of engineering and application fields. In the future£¬ solid mechanics will surely continue to play an important and irreplaceable role in the development of human civilization and the progress of science and technology. 1.2 Strategic position of the discipline of solid mechanics 1.2.1 Solid mechanics provides a scientific foundation for the development of the natural and engineering sciences The motion of objects and the force interactions between objects are among the most fundamental natural phenomena. As a field of science that studies forces and motion as well as their relationships£¬ mechanics is£¬ to some extent£¬ the first discipline developed within the modern research paradigm where h