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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Role and Significance of Testing Technology 1.2 Units of Measurement 1.3 Composition of the Test System 1.4 Development and Application of Testing Technology 1.5 Measurement Error 1.5.1 Truth-Value 1.5.2 Classification Based on Error Representation Methods 1.5.3 Classification Based on Error Sources 1.5.4 Errors in Numerical Calculations Chapter 2 Signals and Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Signal Classification and Calculation 2.2.1 Deterministic Signals and Random Signals 2.2.2 Continuous Time Signal and Discrete Time Signal 2.2.3 Analog and Digital Signals 7 2.2.4 Odd and Even Signals 2.2.5 Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals 2.2.6 One-Dimensional and Multi-Dimensional Signals 2.2.7 Energy Signal and Power Signal 2.2.8 Signal Displacement, Scale Change and Defolding 2.3 Fourier Series Expansion of Periodic Signals 2.3.1 Trigonometric Function Expansion of Fourier Series 2.3.2 The Effect of Symmetry 2.4 Fourier Transform 2.4.1 Derivation of Fourier Transform 2.4.2 Properties of Fourier Transform 2.4.3 Convolution Characteristics 2.5 Digital Signal Processing 2.5.1 The Sampling Theorem 2.5.2 Aliasing 2.5.3 Choice of Sampling Frequency 2.5.4 Frequency Resolution and Quantization Error Chapter 3 Basic Characteristics of the Test System 3.1 System and the Test System 3.2 Classification of the Test System 3.2.1 Continuous Time Systems and Discrete Time Systems 3.2.2 Dynamic and Real-Time Systems 3.2.3 Linear and Non-Linear Systems 3.2.4 Lumped Parameter System and Distributed Parameter System 3.2.5 Time-Varying Systems and Time-Invariant Systems 3.2.6 Causal and Non-Causal Systems 3.3 Linear Systems 3.3.1 Definition of Linear Time-lnvariant System 3.3.2 Properties of Linear Time-Invariant System 3.4 Test System-Related Issues 3.4.1 Measurement, Metering and Testing 3.4.2 Measurement Accuracy 3.4.3 Range and Measurement Range 3.4.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Dynamic Range 3.5 Static Characteristics of the Test System 3.5.1 Linearity 3.5.2 Sensitivity 3.5.3 Repeatability 3.5.4 Hysteresis 3.5.5 Stability 3.5.6 Zero Drift 3.6 Test System Dynamic Characteristics 3.6.1 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 3.6.2 Transfer Function 3.6.3 First-Order Systems and Second-Order Systems 3.7 Conditions for Achieving Undistortion Testing Chapter 4 Common Sensors 4.1 Classification of Sensors 4.2 Resistance Strain Sensor 4.2.1 Metal Wire Resistance Strain Effect 4.2.2 Metal Wire Resistance Strain Gauge Structure 4.2.3 Basic Characteristics of Wire Resistance Strain Gauges 4.2.4 Metal Foil Resistance Strain Gauge 4.2.5 Semiconductor Resistance Strain Gauge 4.3 Inductive Sensors 4.3.1 Variable Reluctance Sensor 4.3.2 Differential Transformer Sensor 4.3.3 Eddy Current Sensor 4.4 Capacitance Sensors 4.4.1 Polar-Pitch Varying Capacitance Sensor 4.4.2 Area-Changing Capacitance Sensor 4.4.3 Capacitance Sensors with Varying Dielectric Constant 4.4.4 Sensitivity and Measurement Circuit of the Capacitance Sensor 4.5 Piezoelectric Sensor 4.5.1 Piezoelectric Effect 4.5.2 Piezoelectric Materials 4.5.3 Equivalent Circuit 4.5.4 Measurement Circuit 4.6 Magnetoelectric Sensor 4.6.1 Working Principle of the Magnetoelectric Sensor 4.6.2 Magnetic Sensor 4.6.3 Hall Sensor 4.6.4 Application of the Magnetoelectric Sensor 4.7 Photoelectric Sensor 4.8 Development Trend of Sensors Chapter 5 Signal Transformation and Processing 5.1 Signal Amplification 5.1.1 Measuring Amplifier 5.1.2 Isolation Amplifier 5.2 Electric Bridge 5.2.1 DC Bridge 5.2.2 AC Bridge 5.2.3 Characteristics of Bridges 5,3 Filter 5.4 Modulation and Demodulation 5.4.1 Demodulation 5.4.2 AM 5.4.3 Demodulation of AM Wave 5.4.4 Frequency Modulation and Demodulation 5.5 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion 5.5.1 A/D Conversion 5.5.2 D/A Conversion Chapter 6 Temperature and Fluid Parameter Measurement 6.1 Thermocouple 6.1.1 Working Principle 6.1.2 Compensation Principle 6.1.3 Classification 6.1.4 Research and Development Prospects 6.2 Thermal Resistance 6.2.1 Basic Principle 6.2.2 Classification 6.2.3 Materials and Specifications 6.2.4 Wiring Methods 6.3 Measurement of Fluid Pressure 6.3.1 Pressure Sensor Based on Elastic Pressure-Sensitive Element 6.3.2 Strain Type Pressure Sensor 6.3.3 Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor 6.3.4 Capacitive Pressure Sensor 6.3.5 Piezoelectric Pressure Sensor 6.3.6 Electromagnetic Pressure Sensor Vibrating Wire Sensor 6.3.7 Vibrating Wire Pressure Sensor 6.4 Flow Measurement 6.4.1 Differential Pressure Flowmeter 6.4.2 Rotameter 6.4.3 Turbine Flowmeter 6.4.4 Volumetric Flowmeter Chapter 7 Intelligent Test Control 7.1 Data Acquisition and Control Output 7.2 Python Programming 7.2.1 Python Language 7.2.2 Characteristics of Python 7.2.3 Building a Python Development Environment 7.2.4 Objects and Data Types 7.2.5 Functions in Python 7.2.6 Advanced Features 7.2.7 Modules in Python 7.2.8 Python Classes and Instances 7.2.9 Python Errors and Debugging 7.2.10 Python Input and Output 7.3 PID Control 7.3.1 PID Control Principle and Characteristics 7.3.2 Implementation of PID Control 7.3.3 PID Application Strategy Chapter 8 Test Practices 8.1 Tribology Testing Machine for Articular Cartilage in Biotribology 8.1.1 Overview of Tribology Experiments 8.1.2 Articular Cartilage in Biotribology 8.1.3 Mechanical Structure of Reciprocating Sliding Friction Tester 8.1.4 The Test System of a Reciprocating Sliding Friction Experiment Machine 8.1.5 Friction and Wear Properties of Articular Cartilage 8.2 Digital Electronic Level 8.2.1 Overview of Electronic Level 8.2.2 Detection Process 8.2.3 Data Acquisition and Communication 8.2.4 Non-Linearity and Temperature Compensation References