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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC OPTOELECTRONICS
1.1Optoelectronics
1.2Organic Optoelectronics
1.2.1Optoelectronic Organic Materials
1.2.2Optoelectronic Processes and Device Applications of Organic Materials
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Appendix
Glossary
Problems CHAPTER 2BONDING AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES IN ORGANIC MATERIALS
2.1Bonding in Organic Materials
2.1.1Bonding in Solids
2.1.2Orbital Hybrid
2.1.3Covalent Bondings within a Molecule
2.2Intermolecular Forces in Organic Materials
2.2.1Intermolecular Attractive Forces
2.2.2Repulsive Force and Overall Force between Molecules
2.2.3Material Properties Relating to Intermolecular Forces
2.3Electronic Structures in Organic Materials
2.3.1Theories
2.3.2Electronic Structures in Organic Materials
2.3.3Electronic Differences between Isolated Molecules and Crystals
2.4Effects of Bonding/Electronicª²structures on Property of Organic Materials
2.4.1sp3 Bonding versus sp2/sp Bonding
2.4.2Conjugation
2.4.3Aromatic Rings
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Glossary
Problems CHAPTER 3ENERGY RELATED PROCESSES IN ORGANIC MATERIALS
3.1Introduction
3.2Concepts for Ground/Excited State and Exciton
3.2.1Ground and Excited States
3.2.2Exciton
3.3Electronic Transitions within a Molecule
3.3.1Absorption
3.3.2Energy Decay Processes
3.4Optical Transition Rules
3.4.1Quantum Formula
3.4.2Selection Rules
3.4.3Einstein Equations
3.4.4Intensity Distribution of Absorption Spectrum
3.4.5Photoluminescence Quantum Yield
3.5Excitonic Interactions in Organic Aggregates
3.5.1Davydov Splitting
3.5.2Excimer and Exciplex
3.5.3Charge Transfer Exciton
3.5.4Surface Exciton
3.5.5Fusion/Annihilation and Fission/Splitting
3.6Energy Transfer Processes
3.6.1Cascade Energy Transfer
3.6.2F¢‰rster Energy Transfer
3.6.3Dexter Energy Transfer
3.7Dynamic Processes in Excitons
3.7.1Exciton Diffusion
3.7.2Interaction of Exciton with Various Species
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Glossary
Problems CHAPTER 4ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES AND RELATED PROCESSES IN ORGANIC MATERIALS
4.1Conductivity and Carriers in Solids
4.1.1Basic Concepts for Electricity
4.1.2Energy Diagram of Semiconductors
4.1.3Carrier Types
4.1.4Carrier Transport in Solids
4.1.5Electrical Properties of Organic Materials
4.2Mobility in Organic Materials
4.2.1Organic Crystals
4.2.2Disordered Organic Materials
4.3Contact and Contact Potential
4.3.1Concepts
4.3.2Neutral Contact
4.3.3Schottky Contact
4.3.4Ohmic Contact
4.4Currents under Carrier Injection
4.4.1Injection Limited Current
4.4.2Space Charge Limited Current
4.5Charge Carrier Recombination
4.5.1Nongeminate Charge Recombination without Traps
4.5.2Nongeminate Charge Recombination with Traps
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Glossary
Problems CHAPTER 5PROPERTY CHARACTERIZATION FOR ORGANIC MATERIALS
5.1Thermal Analysis
5.1.1Differential Scanning Calorimetry
5.1.2Thermal Gravity Analysis
5.2Electronic Levels and Bandgap
5.2.1HOMO/LUMO Levels
5.2.2Triplet Levels
5.2.3Fermi Levels
5.2.4Bandgaps
5.3Carrier Mobility
5.3.1By Time of Flight
5.3.2By Space Charge Limited Current
5.3.3By Dark Injection Transient Space Charge Limited Current
5.3.4By Transient Electroluminescence
5.3.5By Field Effect Transistor
5.3.6By Pulseª²radiolysis Timeª²resolved Microwave Conductivity
5.4Photoluminescence Quantum Yield
5.4.1PLQY Definition
5.4.2PLQY in Dilute Solution
5.4.3PLQY in Solid State
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Glossary
Problems CHAPTER 6ORGANIC FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
6.1Introduction
6.2Device Structure of OFETs
6.3Working Principle of OFETs
6.3.1Accumulation or Depletion Mode
6.3.2Band/Energy-level Bending
6.3.3Carrier Distribution
6.3.4Generation of Output Currents
6.4Performance Parameters for OFETs
6.4.1Transfer and Output Curves
6.4.2Linear/Saturation Region and Pinch-off Voltage
6.4.3Threshold Voltage and Subthreshold Swing
6.4.4Current On-off Ratio
6.4.5Hysteresis
6.4.6Mobility of OFETs
6.5Applications of OFETs
6.5.1Requirements for OFET Applications
6.5.2Display Applications
6.5.3Sensor Applications
6.5.4RFID and Logic Applications
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Glossary
Problems CHAPTER 7SOLAR CELLS CONTAINING ORGANIC MATERIALS
7.1Introduction
7.1.1Solar Radiation
7.1.2History of Solar Cells
7.2Device Structures
7.2.1OPV Structures
7.2.2DSSC Structures
7.2.3PSC Structures
7.2.4Tandem Cells
7.3Working Principles
7.3.1Silicon Solar Cells
7.3.2Organic Photovoltaics
7.3.3DSSCs and PSCs
7.4Device Characterization
7.4.1J-V Curves
7.4.2Device Efficiencies
7.4.3Theoretical JSC
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Glossary
Problems CHAPTER 8ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES
8.1Introduction
8.2Working Principles
8.2.1Types of Electroluminescence
8.2.2Overview of OLED Working Principle
8.2.3Injection and Transport Barriers at Interfaces
8.2.4Generation of Excitons by Charge Recombination
8.2.5Radiative Decay of Excitons
8.3Device Structure
8.3.1Single Layer OLED
8.3.2Double-Layer OLED
8.3.3Triple-Layer OLED
8.3.4Multi-Layer OLED
8.3.5White OLED
8.4Device Characterization
8.4.1J-U-B Curve and EL Spectrum
8.4.2Characterization Parameters
8.4.3Chromaticity Coordinates and Color Saturation
8.4.4Device Lifetime
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Glossary
Problems CHAPTER 9ORGANIC SENSORS
9.1Concept of Sensor
9.2Mechanism in Organic Sensors
9.2.1Interaction Models
9.2.2Conductometric Sensors - Chemiresistors
9.2.3Sensors based on OFET Devices
9.2.4Potentiometric Sensors – Ion-Selective/Electrochemical Sensors
9.2.5Fluorescence Sensors
9.2.6Colorimetric Sensors
9.3Organic Photodetectors
9.3.1Device Architectures
9.3.2Device Characteristics
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Glossary
Problems
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