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Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Factors 1
1£®1 What is Human Factors 2
1£®1£®1 Concept of Human Factors 2
1£®1£®2 Domain of Human Factors 7
1£®2 Goals of Human Factors 11
1£®3 History of Human Factors 14
1£®3£®1 The Origin and Development of Human Factors 14
1£®3£®2 The Development of Human Factors in China 18
1£®4 Areas of Ergonomics Research and Practice 20
1£®4£®1 Research Content 20
1£®4£®2 Application Areas 24
References 26
Chapter 2 Methods in Human Factors 27
2£®1 Taxonomy 28
2£®2 Descriptive Method 30
2£®2£®1 Scenario 30
2£®2£®2 Variable 31
2£®2£®3 Subjects 31
2£®2£®4 Data Collection £¦ Analysis 32
2£®3 Experimental Method 35
2£®3£®1 Scenario 35
2£®3£®2 Variable 36
2£®3£®3 Subjects 37
2£®3£®4 Data Collection £¦ Analysis 37
2£®4 Evaluation Method 40
2£®4£®1 Scenario 40
2£®4£®2 Variable 41
2£®4£®3 Subjects 42
2£®4£®4 Data Collection £¦ Analysis 42
References 46
Chapter 3 Anthropometry 47
3£®1 What is Anthropometry 48
3£®2 Terminology 51
3£®2£®1 Basic Posture 51
3£®2£®2 Measurement Plane 53
3£®3 How Dimensions Measured£¬ Collected £¦ Processed 55
3£®3£®1 Conventional Methods 55
3£®3£®2 Three Dimensional (3D) Anthropometry 56
3£®4 Applications 62
3£®4£®1 Digital Human Modeling and Simulation 62
3£®4£®2 Product Design for Special Population 68
3£®4£®3 Crowd Simulation 71
3£®4£®4 Virtual Try-on 73
3£®5 International Anthropometric Standards 75
References 77
Chapter 4 Physiology 78
4£®1 Structure of Muscles 79
4£®2 Energy Production 83
4£®2£®1 Energy Supply 83
4£®2£®2 Classification of Energy Metabolism 85
4£®3 Circulatory £¦ Respiratory System 87
4£®3£®1 The Circulatory System 87
4£®3£®2 The Respiratory System 89
4£®3£®3 The Connection between the Respiratory System and Circulatory System 91
4£®4 Energy Expenditure 93
4£®5£®1 Physical Work Capacity £¦ Energy Expenditure Limits 97
4£®5£®2 How to Measure Energy Expenditure 97
References 101
Chapter 5 Fatigue £¦ Musculoskeletal Disorders 102
5£®1 Definition 103
5£®1£®1 Fatigue 103
5£®1£®2 Musculoskeletal Disorders 107
5£®2 Types 108
5£®3 Factors 111
5£®3£®1 Physical Factors 111
5£®3£®2 Organizational Factors£¬ Psychosocial Factors and Individual Factors 113
5£®4 Recovery 114
5£®5 Case Study 116
References 117
Chapter 6 Occupational Biomechanics 119
6£®1 Biomechanics £¦ Occupational Biomechanics 120
6£®1£®1 Biomechanics 120
6£®1£®2 Occupational Biomechanics 122
6£®2 Biomechanical Models 130
6£®2£®1 Introduction of Biomechanical Models 130
6£®2£®2 The 2D Static Strength Model 131
6£®3 Low Back Biomechanics and Manual Material Handling 135
6£®3£®1 Low Back Biomechanics and Manual Material Handling 135
6£®3£®2 NIOSH Lifting Equation 137
References 144
Chapter 7 Visual System 146
7£®1 Light 147
7£®1£®1 The Sources of the Light 147
7£®1£®2 Color System 148
7£®1£®3 The Visual Receptor System 150
7£®2 Illumination 154
7£®2£®1 Measurement of Light 154
7£®2£®2 Contrast Sensitivity 155
7£®3 Visual Perception 157
7£®3£®1 Top-down vs£® Bottom-up 157
7£®3£®2 Depth Perception 158
7£®4 Visual Search 161
7£®4£®1 Serial Search 161
7£®4£®2 Parallel Search 162
References 168
Chapter 8 Auditory System 169
8£®1 Mechanics of Sound 170
8£®1£®1 Wave£¬ Frequency£¬ Amplitude and Intensity 171
8£®1£®2 Measuring the Intensity of Sound 172
8£®2 Structure of Human Ear 174
8£®2£®1 The Outer Ear 174
8£®2£®2 The Middle Ear 175
8£®2£®3 The Inner Ear 175
8£®3 Perception of Sound 177
8£®3£®1 Loudness and Pitch 177
8£®3£®2 Sound Source Location 178
8£®3£®3 Hearing Loss 180
8£®4 Noise 182
8£®4£®1 Assessing and Controlling Noise Risks 183
8£®4£®2 Hearing Protection 184
8£®5 Case Study 185
References 186
Chapter 9 Other Perception Channels 187
9£®1 Tactile Perception 188
9£®1£®1 Definition of Tactile Perception 189
9£®1£®2 Applications of Tactile Perception 190
9£®2 Vestibular Sensation 192
9£®2£®1 Vestibular System 192
9£®2£®2 Semicircular Canal System 192
9£®2£®3 Otolithic Organs 195
9£®2£®4 Equilibrioception 197
References 198
Chapter 10 Displays 200
10£®1 Introduction of Displays 201
10£®1£®1 Concepts of Displays 201
10£®1£®2 The Way of Displays¡¯ Classification 202
10£®2 Display design 203
10£®2£®1 Principles of Display Design 203
10£®2£®2 Coding Schema 206
10£®3 Navigation Displays 208
10£®3£®1 Line Table and Instruction Display 209
10£®3£®2 Maps 210
10£®4 Adaptive Multimodal Displays 215
10£®4£®1 Multimodal Interaction 215
10£®4£®2 Adaptive Multimodal Displays 218
References 223
Chapter 11 Stress £¦ Mental Workload 224
11£®1 Concept £¦ Possible Effects of Stress 226
11£®2 Yerkes-Dodson Law 227
11£®3 What is Mental Workload 229
11£®4 Mental Workload Measurement 230
11£®4£®1 Primary-task Performance Measures 230
11£®4£®2 Secondary-task Performance Measures 231
11£®4£®3 Physiological Measures 234
11£®4£®4 Subjective Evaluation Measures 235
References 239
Chapter 12 Applications in Daily Life 241
12£®1 Traditional Transportation 242
12£®1£®1 Driver Information Systems 242
12£®1£®2 Advanced Driver-assistance Systems 245
12£®1£®3 Autonomous Cars 246
12£®2 E-business 249
12£®3 Design for the Aged 254
12£®4 Design for the Disabled 258
References 261