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introduction
2  ferrous metals and their alloys
  2.1  iron and steels
    2.1.1  description and general properties
    2.1.2  phase transitions and allotropism of iron
    2.1.3  metallographic etchants for iron and steels
    2.1.4  history
    2.1.5  natural occurrence, minerals, and ores
    2.1.6  mining and mineral dressing
    2.1.7  iron- and steelmaking
    2.1.8  pure iron grades
    2.1.9  the iron-carbon (fe-c) and iron-cementite (fe-fe3c) systems
    2.1.10   cast irons
      2.1.10.1  gray cast iron or graphitic iron
      2.1.10.2  white cast iron
      2.1.10.3  malleable cast irons
      2.1.10.4  ductile (nodular) cast irons
      2.1.10.5  high-silicon cast irons
    2.1.11   carbon steels (c-mn steels)
      2.1.11.1  plain carbon steels
      2.1.11.2  low-alloy steels
      2.1.11.3  cast steels
    2.1.12   stainless steels
      2.1.12.1  description and general properties
      2.1.12.2  classification of stainless steels
      2.1.12.3  martensitic stainless steels
      2.1.12.4  ferritic stainless steels
      2.1.12.5  austenific stainless steels
      2.1.12.6  duplex stainless steels
      2.1.12.7   precipitation-hardening stainless steels
      2.1.12.8  cast heat-resistant stainless steels
      2.1.12.9  processing and melting process
      2.1.12.10   simplified selection of stainless steels
      2.1.12.11   stainless steel application guidelines
    2.1.13   high-strength low-alloy steels (hsla)
    2.1.14   ultrahigh-strength steels
    2.1.15   tool and machining steels
    2.1.16   maraging steels
    2.1.17   iron-based superalloys
    2.1.18   iron powders
      2.1.18.1  water-atomized iron powders
      2.1.18.2  gas-atomized iron powders
      2.1.18.3  sponge-reduced iron
    2.1.19   further reading
  2.2   nickel and nickel alloys
    2.2.1  description and general properties
    2.2.2   history
    2.2.3  natural occurrence, minerals and ores
    2.2.4  a  processing and industrial preparation
    2.2.5  nickel alloys
    2.2.6  nickel alloys and superalloys
    2.2.7  nickel-titanium shape memory alloys
      2.2.7.1   history
      2.2.7.2   fundamental
      2.2.7.3   shape memory effect
      2.2.7.4   superelasticity
      2.2.7.5   fabrication
    2.2.8  major nickel producers
  2.3   cobalt and cobalt alloys
    2.3.1  description and general properties
    2.3.2  history
    2.3.3  natural occurrence, minerals and ores
    2.3.4  processing and industrial preparation
      2.3.4.1   cobalt as a byproduct of nickel processing
      2.3.4.2   electrowinning of cobalt
    2.3.5  properties of cobalt alloys and superalloys
    2.3.6  corrosion resistance of stellites
    2.3.7  industrial applications and uses
    2.3.8  major cobalt producers
  2.4   manganese and manganese-based alloys
    2.4.1  description and general properties
    2.4.2  history
    2.4.3  natural occurrence, minerals, and ores
    2.4.4  processing and industrial preparation
      2.4.4.1   mining and beneficiation of manganese ores
      2.4.4.2   preparation of pure manganese metal
      2.4.4.3   ferromanganese and silicomanganese
    2.4.5  industrial applications and uses
      2.4.5.1   metallurgical uses
      2.4.5.2   nonmetallurgical uses
    2.4.6  major manganese producers
3  common nonferrous metals
  3.1   introduction
  3.2   aluminum and aluminum alloys
    3.2.1  description and general properties
    3.2.2  history
    3.2.3  natural occurrence, minerals, and ores
    3.2.4  processing and industrial preparation
      3.2.4.1   the bayer process
      3.2.4.2   the hall-heroult process for electrowinning aluminum
      3.2.4.3   secondary aluminum production and recycling of aluminum drosses
    3.2.5  properties of aluminum alloys
      3.2.5.1   aluminum alloy standard designations
      3.2.5.2   wrought aluminum alloys
      3.2.5.3   cast aluminum alloys
    3.2.6  industrial applications and uses
    3.2.7  major aluminum producers and dross recyclers
    3.2.8  further reading
  3.3   copper and copper alloys
    3.3.1  description and general properties
    3.3.2  natural occurrence, minerals, and ores
    3.3.3  processing and industrial preparation
    3.3.4  properties of copper alloys
      3.3.4.1   uns copper-alloy designation
      3.3.4.2   wrought copper alloys
      3.3.4.3   cast copper alloys
    3.3.5  major copper producers
    3.3.6  further reading
  3.4   zinc and zinc alloys
    3.4.1  description and general properties
    3.4.2  history
    3.4.3  natural occurrence, minerals, and ores
    3.4.4  processing and industrial preparation
      3.4.4.1   beneficiation of zinc ore
      3.4.4.2   the roasting process
      3.4.4.3   mercury removal
      3.4.4.4   hydrometallurgical process
      3.4.4.5   pyrometallurgical process
      3.4.4.6   treatment of ferrite residue
    3.4.5  industrial applications and uses
    3.4.6  properties of zinc alloys
  3.5   lead and lead alloys
    3.5.1  description and general properties
    3.5.2   history
    3.5.3  natural occurrence, minerals, and ores
    3.5.4  beneficiation and mineral dressing
    3.5.5  processing and industrial preparation
    3.5.6  industrial applications and uses
    3.5.7  properties of lead alloys
    3.5.8  further reading
  3.6   tin and tin alloys
    3.6.1  description and general properties
    3.6.2  history
    3.6.3  natural occurrence, minerals, and ores
    3.6.4  processing and industrial preparation
      3.6.4.1   mining and beneficiation
      3.6.4.2   processing and smelting
    3.6.5  industrial applications and uses
    3.6.6  properties of tin alloys
  3.7   low-melting-point or fusible alloys
    3.7.1  further reading
index