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Part ¢ñFundamentals of Measurement Systems

Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Measurement Technologies

1.1Introduction

1.1.1Measurement, metrology, and testing

1.1.2Classification of measurements

1£®1£®3Structure of measurement system

1£®2Measurement uncertainty

1£®2£®1The concept of uncertainty

1£®2£®2Measurement uncertainty sources

1£®3Measurement errors

1£®3£®1Errors

1£®3£®2Systematic errors

1£®3£®3Random errors

1£®4Statistical analysis of measurements

1£®4£®1Mean and median

1£®4£®2Standard deviation and variance

1£®4£®3Standard error of the mean

1£®4£®4Rogue data points

1£®4£®5Aggregation of measurement system errors

1£®5Mathematical regression techniques

1£®5£®1Linear least squares regression

1£®5£®2Polynomial least squares regression

1£®6Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 2Signal Analysis

2£®1Classification of signals

2£®1£®1Deterministic signals

2£®1£®2Random signals

2£®1£®3Continuousª²time signals and discreteª²time signals

2£®1£®4Typical signals

2£®2Fourier series of periodic signals

2£®2£®1Fourier trigonometric series

2£®2£®2Exponential Fourier series

2£®2£®3Frequency spectra of periodic signals

2£®3Fourier transforms

2£®3£®1Fourier transforms of aperiodic signals

2£®3£®2Fourier transforms of periodic signals

2£®3£®3Properties of Fourier transforms

2£®4Random signals description

2£®4£®1Characteristic parameters for random process

2£®4£®2Correlation analysis

2£®4£®3Power density spectrum

2£®5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 3Signal Conditioning

3£®1Introduction of signal conditioning

3£®1£®1Filtering

3£®1£®2Amplifying

3£®1£®3Isolation

3£®1£®4Modulation

3£®2Filtering

3£®2£®1Simple lowª²pass filters

3£®2£®2Simple highª²pass filters

3£®2£®3Simple bandª²pass filters

3£®2£®4Simple bandª²elimination or bandª²reject or notch filters

3.2.5Design of passive filter

3£®3Modulation

3£®3£®1Amplitude modulation

3£®3£®2Angle modulation

3£®3£®3Matlab Codes

3.4Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 4Basic Characteristics of Measurement Systems

4£®1Measurement systems and linear systems

4£®1£®1Basic requirements of measurement systems

4£®1£®2Linear systems and main characteristics

4£®1£®3Transmission characteristics of measurement systems

4£®2Static characteristics of a measurement system

4£®2£®1Sensitivity

4£®2£®2Linearity

4£®2£®3Hysteresis

4£®2£®4Repeatability

4£®2£®5Accuracy

4£®2£®6Drift and stability

4£®2£®7Resolution

4£®2£®8Calibration

4£®3Dynamic characteristics of a measurement system

4£®3£®1Mathematical description of dynamic characteristics

4£®3£®2Firstª²order measurement system

4£®3£®3Secondª²order measurement system

4£®3£®4Calibration of dynamic characteristics of systems

4£®4Conditions of distortionless measurement

4£®5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 5Outline of Sensor Technologies

5£®1Basic concepts of sensors

5£®1£®1Definition and composition of sensors

5£®1£®2Function of sensors

5£®1£®3Classification of sensors

5£®1£®4Basic characteristics of sensors

5£®2Sensor calibration

5£®2£®1Fundamental concepts

5£®2£®2Basic methods

5£®2£®3Calibration system

5£®3Principles of instrument selection

5£®3£®1Characteristics of sensors

5£®3£®2The environment of measurement

5£®3£®3Cost and maintenance

5£®4Applications and development trends of sensor

5£®4£®1Main applications

5£®4£®2Development trends

5£®5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Part ¢òTraditional Sensors and Applications

Chapter 6Resistance Strain Sensors

6£®1Overview of resistive sensors

6£®2Working principle of resistance strain sensor

6£®2£®1Resistance strain effect

6£®2£®2Piezoresistive effect

6£®3Resistance strain gauges

6£®3£®1Structure and materials of resistance strain gauges

6£®3£®2Main characteristics of resistance strain gauges

6£®4Key problems of resistance strain gauge engineering application

6£®4£®1Pasting process of strain gauges

6£®4£®2Measurement circuits

6£®4£®3Temperature error and compensation

6.5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 7Inductive Sensors

7£®1Introduction

7£®2Selfª²inductance inductive sensors

7£®2£®1The singleª²coil linear variableª²reluctance sensors

7£®2£®2The variableª²differential reluctance sensor

7£®2£®3Variableª²reluctance tachogenerators

7£®3Mutual inductance sensors£º LVDT

7£®4Eddy currents

7£®5Advantages/disadvantages of inductive sensors

7£®6Applications of the inductive sensors

7£®6£®1Inductive proximity switch

7£®6£®2LVDT pressure sensor

7£®6£®3Flaw detection sensors

7£®7Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 8Capacitive Sensors

8£®1Basic principle of the capacitive sensors

8£®2Measuring displacement and velocity by changing overlapped

area and gap distance of capacitive sensors

8£®2£®1Using the change of the overlapped area between the

two plates

8£®2£®2Using the change in distance between the plates

8£®2£®3Capacitance bridge circuit

8£®2£®4Coaxial cylindrical capacitive sensor

8£®3Variable permittivity capacitive sensors

8£®4Measuring circuits of capacitive sensors

8£®4£®1Equivalent circuit of capacitive sensors

8£®4£®2Frequency modulation circuits

8£®5Characteristics and application of capacitive sensors

8£®5£®1Characteristics of capacitive sensors

8£®5£®2Engineering application cases of capacitive sensors

8.6Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 9Piezoelectric Sensors

9£®1Piezoelectric effect

9£®1£®1Piezoelectric effect

9£®1£®2Piezoelectric materials

9£®2Measure circuit

9£®2£®1Theory and model

9£®2£®2Signal conditioning circuit

9£®3Piezoelectric sensors

9£®3£®1Accelerometers

9£®3£®2Force sensors

9£®3£®3Pressure sensors

9£®4Application

9£®4£®1Principle of damping factor measurement

9£®4£®2Measurement system

9.5Summary

Exercises and Problems

Chapter 10Magnetoelectric Sensors