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Contents

Chapter 1 An introduction to Scientific Writing¡¡/ 001

1.1 What is scientific writing?¡¡/ 001

1.2 Purposes of scientific writing ¡¡/ 010

1.3. Structure/organization ¡¡/ 012

1.4 The process of scientific writing ¡¡/ 015

1.5 Scientific writing in English by Chinese scholars¡¡/ 016

1.6 Summary ¡¡/ 017

Chapter 2 Factors in scientific writing¡¡/ 023

2.1 Introduction ¡¡/ 023

2.2 Audience¡¡/ 025

2.3 Purpose and strategy ¡¡/ 028

2.4 Organization ¡¡/ 030

2.5 Style ¡¡/ 034

2.6 Flow of information ¡¡/ 045

2.7 Summary¡¡/ 052

Chapter 3 Clarity in scientific writing¡¡/ 053

3.1 Introduction ¡¡/ 053

3.2 Words ¡¡/ 056

3.3 Choice of subjects and verbs¡¡/ 067

3.4 Summary ¡¡/ 084

Chapter 4 Paragraph writing ¡¡/ 085

4.1 What is a paragraph ¡¡/ 085

4.2 What preparations should you make?¡¡/ 091

4.3 What are the three elements of a paragraph? ¡¡/ 093

4.4 How to write a good paragraph ¡¡/ 096

4.5 What is an effective paragraph? ¡¡/ 101

4.6 Summary ¡¡/ 111

Chapter 5 Summarizing & paraphrasing ¡¡/ 115

5.1 Summarizing ¡¡/ 115

5.2 Paraphrasing ¡¡/ 133

5.4 Summary ¡¡/ 141

Chapter 6 How to write the introduction ¡¡/ 142

6.1 Features of the introduction ¡¡/ 142

6.2 Core questions to address¡¡/ 144

6.3 Audience and purpose ¡¡/ 147

6.4 Organization ¡¡/ 150

6.5 Language features of the introduction ¡¡/ 167

6.6 Commonly used structures ¡¡/ 172

6.7 Summary ¡¡/ 189

Chapter 7 How to write the methods ¡¡/ 193

7.1 Features of the methods section ¡¡/ 193

7.2 Audience of the methods section ¡¡/ 195

7.3 Organization ¡¡/ 196

7.4 Language features ¡¡/ 205

7.5 Commonly used structures ¡¡/ 212

7.6 Summary ¡¡/ 219

Chapter 8 How to write the results ¡¡/ 220

8.1 Features of the results section ¡¡/ 220

8.2 Audience of the results section ¡¡/ 223

8.3 Organization ¡¡/ 223

8.4 Language features ¡¡/ 227

8.5 Commonly used structures¡¡/ 237

8.6 Summary ¡¡/ 242

Chapter 9 How to write the discussion ¡¡/ 247

9.1 Features of the discussion section ¡¡/ 247

9.2 Audience ¡¡/ 250

9.3 Organization ¡¡/ 250

9.4 Language features ¡¡/ 260

9.5 Commonly used structures¡¡/ 271

9.6 Summary¡¡/ 278

Chapter 10 How to write the abstract¡¡/ 279

10.1 Features of the abstract ¡¡/ 279

10.2 Audience of the abstract ¡¡/ 281

10.3 Organization ¡¡/ 282

10.5 Commonly used structures ¡¡/ 295

10.6 Summary ¡¡/ 298

References¡¡/ 299