Effective C++ÖÐÎÄ°æ

ÒëÐò£¨ºî½Ý£© v Ŀ¼£¨Contents£© vii Ç°ÑÔ£¨Preface£© xiii ÖÂл£¨Acknowledgments. ÖÐÎÄ°æÂÔ£© xvii µ¼¶Á£¨Introduction£© 001 ¸Ä±ä¾ÉÓеÄCÏ°¹ß£¨Shifting from C to C++£© 013 Ìõ¿î1£º¾¡Á¿ÒÔ const ºÍ inline È¡´ú #define 013 Prefer const and inline to #define. Ìõ¿î2£º¾¡Á¿ÒÔ È¡´ú 017 Prefer to . Ìõ¿î3£º¾¡Á¿ÒÔ new ºÍ delete È¡´ú malloc() ºÍ free() 019 Prefer new and delete to malloc and free. Ìõ¿î4£º¾¡Á¿Ê¹Óà C++ ·ç¸ñµÄ×¢ÊÍÐÎʽ 021 Prefer C++-style comments. ÄÚ´æ¹ÜÀí£¨Memory Management£© 022 Ìõ¿î5£ºÊ¹ÓÃÏàͬÐÎʽµÄ new ºÍ delete 023 Use the same form in corresponding uses of new and delete. Ìõ¿î6£º¼ÇµÃÔÚ destructor ÖÐÒÔdelete ¶Ô¸¶ pointer members 024 Use delete on pointer members in destructors. Ìõ¿î7£ºÎªÄÚ´æ²»×ãµÄ×´¿öÔ¤×ö×¼±¸ 025 Be prepared for out-of-memory conditions. Ìõ¿î8£º×«Ð´ operator new ºÍ operator delete ʱӦ×ñÐй«Ô¼ 033 Adhere to convention when writing operator new and operator delete. Ìõ¿î9£º±ÜÃâÕÚÑÚÁË new µÄÕý¹æÐÎʽ 037 Avoid hiding the "normal" form of new. Ìõ¿î10£ºÈç¹ûÄãдÁËÒ»¸öoperator new£¬ Çë¶ÔӦҲдһ¸öoperator delete 039 Write operator delete if you write operator new. ¹¹Ô캯Êý¡¢Îö¹¹º¯ÊýºÍAssignment ÔËËã·û 049 Constructors, Destructors, and Assignment Operators Ìõ¿î11£ºÈç¹ûclassesÄÚ¶¯Ì¬ÅäÖÃÓÐÄڴ棬ÇëΪ´Ë class Ðû¸æ Ò»¸ö copy constructor ºÍÒ»¸ö assignment ÔËËã·û 049 Declare a copy constructor and an assignment operator for classes with dynamically allocated memory. Ìõ¿î12£ºÔÚ constructor Öо¡Á¿ÒÔ initialization È¡´ú assignment 052 Prefer initialization to assignment in constructors. Ìõ¿î13£ºInitialization list ÖÐµÄ members ³õʼ»¯ÅÅÁдÎÐòÓ¦¸Ã ºÍÆäÔÚ class ÄÚµÄÉùÃ÷´ÎÐòÏàͬ 057 List members in an initialization list in the order in which they are declared. Ìõ¿î14£º×ÜÊÇÈà base class ÓµÓÐ virtual destructor 059 Make sure base classes have virtual destructors. Ìõ¿î15£ºÁî operator= ´«»Ø"*this µÄ reference" 064 Have operator= return a reference to *this. Ìõ¿î16£ºÔÚ operator= ÖÐΪËùÓÐµÄ data members ¸³ÓèÄÚÈÝ 068 Assign to all data members in operator=. Ìõ¿î17£ºÔÚ operator= Öмì²éÊÇ·ñ"×Ô¼º¸³Öµ¸ø×Ô¼º" 071 Check for assignment to self in operator=. ÀàÓ뺯ÊýÖ®Éè¼ÆºÍÉùÃ÷ 077 Classes and Functions: Design and Declaration Ìõ¿î18£ºÅ¬Á¦ÈýӿÚÍêÂúÇÒ*С»¯ 079 Strive for class interfaces that are complete and minimal. Ìõ¿î19£ºÇø·Ömember functions, non-member functionsºÍ friend functionsÈýÕß 084 Differentiate among member functions, non-member functions, and friend functions. Ìõ¿î20£º±ÜÃ⽫ data members ·ÅÔÚ¹«¿ª½Ó¿ÚÖÐ 089 Avoid data members in the public interface. Ìõ¿î21£º¾¡¿ÉÄÜʹÓà const 091 Use const whenever possible. Ìõ¿î22£º¾¡Á¿Ê¹Óà pass-by-reference£¨´«Ö·£©£¬ ÉÙÓà pass-by-value£¨´«Öµ£© 098 Prefer pass-by-reference to pass-by-value. Ìõ¿î23£ºµ±Äã±ØÐë´«»Øobject ʱ£¬²»Òª³¢ÊÔ´«»Ø reference 101 Don¡¯t try to return a reference when you must return an object. Ìõ¿î24£ºÔÚº¯ÊýÖØÔØ£¨function overloading£©ºÍ ²ÎÊýȱʡ»¯£¨parameter defaulting£©Ö®¼ä£¬½÷É÷¾ñÔñ 106 Choose carefully between function overloading and parameter defaulting. Ìõ¿î25£º±ÜÃâ¶ÔÖ¸ÕëÐͱðºÍÊýÖµÐͱð½øÐÐÖØÔØ 109 Avoid overloading on a pointer and a numerical type. Ìõ¿î26£º·ÀÎÀDZ·üµÄ ambiguity£¨Ä£ÀâÁ½¿É£©×´Ì¬ 113 Guard against potential ambiguity. Ìõ¿î27£ºÈç¹û²»ÏëʹÓñàÒëÆ÷°µ×Ô²úÉúµÄ member functions£¬ ¾ÍÓ¦¸ÃÃ÷°×¾Ü¾øËü 116 Explicitly disallow use of implicitly generated member functions you don¡¯t want. Ìõ¿î28£º³¢ÊÔÇиî global namespace£¨È«ÓòÃüÃû¿Õ¼ä£© 117 Partition the global namespace. ÀàÓ뺯Êý֮ʵÏÖ 123 Classes and Functions: Implementation Ìõ¿î29£º±ÜÃâ´«»ØÄÚ²¿Êý¾ÝµÄ handles 123 Avoid returning "handles" to internal data. Ìõ¿î30£º±ÜÃâд³ömember function£¬´«»ØÒ»¸ö non-const pointer »ò reference ²¢ÒÔÖ®Ö¸Ïò½ÏµÍ´æÈ¡²ã¼¶µÄ members 129 Avoid member functions that return non-const pointers or references to members less accessible than themselves. Ìõ¿î31£ºÇ§Íò²»Òª´«»Ø"º¯ÊýÄÚ local ¶ÔÏóµÄ reference"£¬ »òÊÇ"º¯ÊýÄÚÒÔ new »ñµÃµÄÖ¸ÕëËùÖ¸µÄ¶ÔÏó" 131 Never return a reference to a local object or to a dereferenced pointer initialized by new within the function. Ìõ¿î32£º¾¡¿ÉÄÜÑÓ»º±äÁ¿¶¨ÒåʽµÄ³öÏÖ 135 Postpone variable definitions as long as possible. Ìõ¿î33£ºÃ÷ÖǵØÔËÓà inlining 137 Use inlining judiciously. Ìõ¿î34£º½«ÎļþÖ®¼äµÄ±àÒëÒÀÀµ¹Øϵ£¨compilation dependencies£© ½µÖÁ*µÍ 143 Minimize compilation dependencies between files. ¼Ì³Ð»úÖÆÓëÃæÏò¶ÔÏóÉè¼Æ 153 Inheritance and Object-Oriented Design Ìõ¿î35£ºÈ·¶¨ÄãµÄ public inheritance Ä£Ëܳö "isa" µÄ¹Øϵ 154 Make sure public inheritance models "isa." Ìõ¿î36£ºÇø·Ö"½Ó¿Ú¼Ì³Ð£¨interface inheritance£©"ºÍ "ʵÏּ̳У¨implementation inheritance£©" 161 Differentiate between inheritance of interface and inheritance of implementation. Ìõ¿î37£º¾ø¶Ô²»ÒªÖØж¨ÒåÒ»¸ö¼Ì³Ð¶øÀ´µÄ·ÇÐéÄ⺯Êý 169 Never redefine an inherited nonvirtual function. Ìõ¿î38£º¾ø¶Ô²»ÒªÖØж¨ÒåÒ»¸ö¼Ì³Ð¶øÀ´µÄȱʡ²ÎÊýÖµ 171 Never redefine an inherited default parameter value. Ìõ¿î39£º±ÜÃâÔڼ̳ÐÌåϵÖÐ×ö cast down£¨ÏòÏÂתÐÍ£©µÄ¶¯×÷ 173 Avoid casts down the inheritance hierarchy. Ìõ¿î40£ºÍ¨¹ý layering£¨·Ö²ã¼¼Êõ£©À´Ä£ËÜ has-a »ò is-implemented-in-terms-of µÄ¹Øϵ 182 Model "has-a" or "is-implemented-in-terms-of" through layering. Ìõ¿î41£ºÇø·Ö inheritance ºÍ templates 185 Differentiate between inheritance and templates. Ìõ¿î42£ºÃ÷ÖǵØÔËÓà private inheritance£¨Ë½Óм̳У© 189 Use private inheritance judiciously. Ìõ¿î43£ºÃ÷ÖǵØÔËÓöà¼Ì³Ð£¨multiple inheritance£¬MI£© 194 Use multiple inheritance judiciously. Ìõ¿î44£ºËµ³öÄãµÄÒâ˼²¢Á˽âÄãËù˵µÄÿһ¾ä»° 210 Say what you mean; understand what you¡¯re saying.ÔÓÏîÌÖÂÛ£¨Miscellany£© 212 Ìõ¿î45£ºÖªµÀ C++£¨±àÒëÆ÷£©Ä¬Ä¬ÎªÎÒÃÇÍê³ÉºÍµ÷ÓÃÄÄЩº¯Êý 212 Know what functions C++ silently writes and calls. Ìõ¿î46£ºÄþÔ¸±àÒëºÍÁ¬½Óʱ³ö´í£¬Ò²²»ÒªÖ´ÐÐʱ²Å´í 216 Prefer compile-time and link-time errors to runtime errors. 219 Ensure that non-local static objects are initialized before they¡¯re used. Ìõ¿î48£º²»Òª¶Ô±àÒëÆ÷µÄ¾¯¸æѶϢÊÓ¶ø²»¼û 223 Pay attention to compiler warnings. Ìõ¿î49£º¾¡Á¿ÈÃ×Ô¼ºÊìϤ C++ ±ê×¼³ÌÐò¿â 224 Familiarize yourself with the standard library. Ìõ¿î50£º¼ÓÇ¿×Ô¼º¶Ô C++ µÄÁ˽â 232 Improve your understanding of C++.