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Steps and Structure Chapter 1 Introduction to Academic Writing 1.1 Types ofacademic writing 1.2 Introduction to essays 1.3 Process ofessay writing 1.3.1 Pre-writing 1.3.2 While-writing 1.3.3 Post-writing Chapter 2 Research and Critical Thinking 2.1 Research skills 2.1.1 Analyzing your topic 2.1.2 Identifying credible sources 2.1.3 Evaluming information 2.1.4 Taking notes 2.2 Critical thinking skills 2.2.1 Analyzing arguments 2.2.2 Assessing evidence 2.2.3 Deducing conclusions 2.2.4 Forming your own arguments Chapter 3 Essay Structure 3.1 The basic structure 3.1.1 The introduction 3.1.2 Body paragraphs 3.1.3 The conclusion 3.2 Connecting different parts 3.2.1 Unity 3.2.2 Coherence 3.2.3 Cohesion 3.3 The structure ofdifferem essay types 3.3.1 inalytical essays 3.3.2 Argumentative essays 3.3.3 Comparison and contrast essays 3.3.4 Problem and solution essays 3.3.5 Cause and effect essays Features of Essay Language Chapter 4 Formality 4.1 Using advanced.precise and academic vocabulary 4.2 Using complex and compound-complex sentences 4.2.1 Simple and compound sentences 4.2.2 Complex sentences 4.2.3 Compound-complex sentences 4.3 Minimizing the use offirst and second person pronouns 4.3.1 First person pronouns 4.3.2 Second person pronouns 4.4 Avoiding the use ofrhetorical questions Chapter 5 Efficiency 5.1 Avoiding repetition and wordiness 5.1.1 Avoiding repetition 5.1.2 Avoiding wordiness 5.2 Using nouns or noun phrases 5.3 Using a mix ofactive and passive voice Chapter 6 Cautiousness 6.1 Expressing probability 6.2 Showing distance from an argument 6.3 Qualifying 6.3.1 Qualifying the quantity 6.3.2 Qualifying the frequency 6.4 Combining the use ofdifferent hedging 7.2 Avoiding agreement errors 7.2.1 Subject-verb agreemem errors 7.2.2 Pronoun-antecedent agreemem errors 7.3 Avoiding errors in the use of articles 7.4 Avoiding dangling modifiers 7.5 Avoiding word choice errors Writing Conventions Chapter 8 Citing Sources 8.1 Avoiding plagiarism 8.1.1 Types ofplagiarism 8.1.2 Steps to av6id plagiarism 8.1.3 Common knowledge 8.2 Incorporating information from sources 8.2.1 Quoting 8.2.2 Paraphrasing 8.2.3 Summarizing 8.3 Acknowledging sources 8.3.1 In-text citations 8.3.2 End-of-text references Keys to the Exercises Appendix I Examples of Essay Outlines Appendix lI The Academic Word List