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1 Bonding and Isomerism£¨¼üºÏºÍÒì¹¹£© 0012 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes; Conformational and Geometric Isomerism £¨ÍéÌþºÍ»·ÍéÌþ£»¹¹ÏóºÍ¼¸ºÎÒì¹¹£© 0313 Alkenes and Alkynes£¨Ï©ÌþºÍȲÌþ£© 0544 Aromatic Compounds£¨·¼Ï㻯ºÏÎ 0945 Stereoisomerism£¨Á¢ÌåÒì¹¹£© 1196 Organic Halogen Compounds; Substitution and Elimination Reactions £¨º¬Â±Óлú»¯ºÏÎȡ´ú·´Ó¦ºÍÏû³ý·´Ó¦£© 1437 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols£¨´¼£¬·ÓºÍÁò´¼£© 1628 Ethers and Epoxides£¨ÃѺͻ·Ñõ»¯ºÏÎ 1849 Aldehydes and Ketones£¨È©ºÍͪ£© 20010 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives£¨ôÈËá¼°ÆäÑÜÉúÎ 23011 Amines and Related Nitrogen Compounds£¨°·ºÍÏà¹Øº¬µª»¯ºÏÎ 26312 Spectroscopy and Structure Determination£¨²¨Æ×ѧºÍ½á¹¹²â¶¨£© 28713 Heterocyclic Compounds£¨ÔÓ»·»¯ºÏÎ 31514 Synthetic Polymers£¨ºÏ³É¸ß¾ÛÎ 33115 Lipids and Detergents£¨Ö¬ÀàºÍÏ´µÓ¼Á£© 35016 Carbohydrates£¨ÌÇÀࣩ 36817 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins£¨°±»ùËᣬëĺ͵°°×ÖÊ£© 39418 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids£¨ºËÜÕËáºÍºËËᣩ 419 Contents1 Bonding and Isomerism£¨¼üºÏºÍÒì¹¹£© 0011.1 How Electrons Are Arranged in Atoms£¨Ô­×ÓÖеĵç×ÓÅŲ¼£© 0021.2 Ionic and Covalent Bonding£¨Àë×Ó¼üºÍ¹²¼Û¼ü£© 0031.3 Carbon and the Covalent Bond£¨Ì¼Ô­×Ӻ͹²¼Û¼ü£© 0061.4 Carbon?CCarbon Single Bonds£¨Ì¼-̼µ¥¼ü£© 0071.5 Polar Covalent Bonds£¨¼«ÐÔ¹²¼Û¼ü£© 0081.6 Multiple Covalent Bonds£¨¶àÖع²¼Û¼ü£© 0101.7 Valence£¨»¯ºÏ¼Û£© 0111.8 Isomerism£¨Òì¹¹ÏÖÏó£© 0111.9 Writing Structural Formulas£¨½á¹¹Ê½µÄÊéд£© 0121.10 Abbreviated Structural Formulas£¨¼ò»¯½á¹¹Ê½£© 0141.11 Formal Charge£¨ÐÎʽµçºÉ£© 0161.12 Resonance£¨¹²ÕñÀíÂÛ£© 0171.13 Arrow Formalism£¨¼ýÍ·ÐÎʽ£© 0181.14 The Orbital View of Bonding; the Sigma Bond £¨¹²¼Û¼üµÄ¹ìµÀÀíÂÛ£»¦Ò¼ü£© 0191.15 Carbon sp3 Hybrid Orbitals£¨Ì¼µÄsp3ÔÓ»¯¹ìµÀ£© 0201.16 Tetrahedral Carbon; the Bonding in Methane£¨Ì¼Ô­×ÓµÄËÄÃæÌå½á¹¹£»¼×Íé·Ö×ÓÖеÄ̼Çâ¼ü£© 0221.17 Classification According to Molecular Framework £¨°´·Ö×ӹǼܷÖÀࣩ 0231.18 Classification According to Functional Group£¨°´¹¦ÄÜ»ù·ÖÀࣩ 0262 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes; Conformational and Geometric Isomerism£¨ÍéÌþºÍ»·ÍéÌþ£»¹¹ÏóºÍ¼¸ºÎÒì¹¹£© 0312.1 The Structures of Alkanes£¨ÍéÌþµÄ½á¹¹£© 0322.2 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds£¨Óлú»¯ºÏÎïµÄÃüÃû£© 0332.3 IUPAC Rules for Naming Alkanes£¨ÍéÌþµÄIUPACÃüÃû¹æÔò£© 0342.4 Alkyl and Halogen Substituents£¨Íé»ùºÍ±ËØÈ¡´ú»ù£© 0362.5 Use of the IUPAC Rules£¨IUPACÃüÃû¹æÔòµÄÓ¦Óã© 0372.6 Sources of Alkanes£¨ÍéÌþµÄÀ´Ô´£© 0382.7 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Nonbonding Intermolecular Interactions£¨ÍéÌþµÄÎïÀíÐÔÖʺͷÖ×Ó¼äµÄ·Ç¼ü×÷Óã© 0382.8 Conformations of Alkanes£¨ÍéÌþµÄ¹¹Ïó£© 0402.9 Cycloalkane Nomenclature and Conformation £¨»·ÍéÌþµÄÃüÃûºÍ¹¹Ïó£© 0412.10 Cis-Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes£¨»·ÍéÌþµÄ˳·´Òì¹¹£© 0452.11 Summary of Isomerism£¨Òì¹¹ÏÖÏóС½á£© 0462.12 Reactions of Alkanes£¨ÍéÌþµÄ»¯Ñ§·´Ó¦£© 0462.13 The Free-Radical Chain Mechanism of Halogenation £¨ÍéÌþ±´úµÄ×ÔÓÉ»ùÁ´·´Ó¦»úÖÆ£© 0493 Alkenes and Alkynes£¨Ï©ÌþºÍȲÌþ£© 0543.1 Definition and Classification£¨¶¨ÒåºÍ·ÖÀࣩ 0553.2 Nomenclature£¨ÃüÃû£© 0563.3 Some Facts about Double Bonds£¨Ì¼Ì¼Ë«¼üµÄÌØÕ÷£© 0583.4 The Orbital Model of a Double Bond; the Pi Bond£¨Ì¼Ì¼Ë«¼üµÄ¹ìµÀÄ£ÐÍ£»¦Ð¼ü£© 0593.5 Cis?CTrans Isomerism in Alkenes£¨Ï©ÌþµÄ˳·´Òì¹¹ÏÖÏó£© 0613.6 Addition and Substitution Reactions Compared£¨¼Ó³ÉºÍÈ¡´ú·´Ó¦µÄ±È½Ï£© 0653.7 Polar Addition Reactions£¨¼«ÐԼӳɷ´Ó¦£© 0653.8 Addition of Unsymmetric Reagents to Unsymmetric Alkenes; Markovnikov¡¯s Rule£¨²»¶Ô³ÆÊÔ¼ÁÓë²»¶Ô³ÆÏ©ÌþµÄ¼Ó³É£»Âí¶û¿É·òÄá¿É·ò¹æÔò£© 0673.9 Mechanism of Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes£¨Ï©ÌþµÄÇ×µç¼Ó³É»úÖÆ£© 0693.10 Markovnikov¡¯s Rule Explained£¨Âí¶û¿É·òÄá¿É·ò¹æÔòµÄ½âÊÍ£© 0703.11 Reaction Equilibrium: What Makes a Reaction Go? £¨·´Ó¦Æ½ºâ£ºÊ²Ã´Ê¹·´Ó¦Äܹ»½øÐÐÏÂÈ¥£¿£© 0723.12 Reaction Rates: How Fast Does a Reaction Go?£¨·´Ó¦ËÙÂÊ£º·´Ó¦½øÐеÃÓжà¿ì£¿£© 0733.13 Hydroboration of Alkenes£¨Ï©ÌþµÄÅðÇ⻯·´Ó¦£© 0753.14 Addition of Hydrogen£¨¼ÓÇâ·´Ó¦£© 0773.15 Additions to Conjugated Systems£¨¹²éîÏ©ÌþµÄ¼Ó³É·´Ó¦£© 0783.16 Free-Radical Additions; Polyethylene £¨×ÔÓÉ»ù¼Ó³É·´Ó¦£»¾ÛÒÒÏ©£© 0813.17 Oxidation of Alkenes£¨Ï©ÌþµÄÑõ»¯£© 0823.18 Some Facts about Triple Bonds£¨Èþ¼üµÄÌØÕ÷£© 0843.19 The Orbital Model of a Triple Bond£¨Èþ¼üµÄ¹ìµÀÄ£ÐÍ£© 0843.20 Addition Reactions of Alkynes£¨È²ÌþµÄ¼Ó³É·´Ó¦£© 0843.21 Acidity of Alkynes£¨È²ÌþµÄËáÐÔ£© 0864 Aromatic Compounds£¨·¼Ï㻯ºÏÎ 0944.1 Some Facts about Benzene£¨Óйر½µÄʵÑéÊÂʵ£© 0954.2 The Kekul¨¦ Structure of Benzene£¨±½µÄ¿­¿âÀսṹʽ£© 0964.3 Resonance Model for Benzene£¨±½µÄ¹²Õñ½á¹¹Ä£ÐÍ£© 0964.4 Orbital Model for Benzene£¨±½µÄ¹ìµÀÄ£ÐÍ£© 0974.5 Symbols for Benzene£¨±½µÄ½á¹¹±í´ïʽ£© 0984.6 Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds£¨·¼Ïã×廯ºÏÎïµÄÃüÃû£© 0984.7 The Resonance Energy of Benzene£¨±½µÄ¹²ÕñÄÜ£© 1014.8 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution£¨·¼ÏãÇ×µçÈ¡´ú·´Ó¦£© 1024.9 The Mechanism of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution£¨·¼ÏãÇ×µçÈ¡´ú·´Ó¦µÄ»úÖÆ£© 1034.10 Ring-Activating and Ring-Deactivating Substituents £¨±½»·µÄ»î»¯»ùºÍ¶Û»¯»ù£© 1074.11 Ortho,Para-Directing and Meta-Directing Groups £¨ÁÚ£¬¶Ôλ¶¨Î»»ùºÍ¼äλ¶¨Î»»ù£© 1074.12 The Importance of Directing Effects in Synthesis £¨¶¨Î»Ð§Ó¦ÔںϳÉÖеÄÖØÒªÐÔ£© 1114.13 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons£¨¶à»··¼ÏãÌþ£© 1125 Stereoisomerism£¨Á¢ÌåÒì¹¹£© 1195.1 Chirality and Enantiomers£¨ÊÖÐԺͶÔÓ³Òì¹¹Ì壩 1205.2 Stereogenic Centers; the Stereogenic Carbon Atom £¨ÊÖÐÔÖÐÐÄ£»ÊÖÐÔ̼ԭ×Ó£© 1215.3 Configuration and the R-S Convention£¨R-S ¹¹ÐÍ£© 1245.4 Polarized Light and Optical Activity£¨Æ«Õñ¹âºÍ¹âѧ»îÐÔ£© 1275.5 Properties of Enantiomers£¨¶ÔÓ³Òì¹¹ÌåµÄÐÔÖÊ£© 1295.6 Fischer Projection Formulas£¨·ÑЪ¶ûͶӰʽ£© 1305.7 Compounds with More Than One Stereogenic Center; Diastereomers£¨¾ßÓжà¸öÊÖÐÔÖÐÐĵĻ¯ºÏÎ·Ç¶ÔÓ³Òì¹¹Ì壩 1325.8 Meso Compounds; the Stereoisomers of Tartaric Acid£¨ÄÚÏûÐý»¯ºÏÎ¾ÆʯËáµÄÁ¢ÌåÒì¹¹Ì壩 1345.9 Stereochemistry: A Recap of Definitions£¨Á¢Ì廯ѧ£º¶¨Òå¸ÅÊö£© 1355.10 Stereochemistry and Chemical Reactions £¨Á¢Ì廯ѧºÍ»¯Ñ§·´Ó¦£© 1365.11 Resolution of a Racemic Mixture£¨ÍâÏûÐýÌåµÄ²ð·Ö£© 1386 Organic Halogen Compounds; Substitution and Elimination Reactions£¨º¬Â±Óлú»¯ºÏÎȡ´ú·´Ó¦ºÍÏû³ý·´Ó¦£© 1436.1 Nucleophilic Substitution£¨Ç׺ËÈ¡´ú·´Ó¦£© 1446.2 Examples of Nucleophilic Substitutions£¨Ç׺ËÈ¡´ú·´Ó¦ÊµÀý£© 1446.3 Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanisms£¨Ç׺ËÈ¡´ú·´Ó¦»úÖÆ£© 1476.4 The SN2 Mechanism£¨Ë«·Ö×ÓÇ׺ËÈ¡´ú»úÖÆ£© 1476.5 The SN1 Mechanism£¨µ¥·Ö×ÓÇ׺ËÈ¡´ú»úÖÆ£© 1496.6 The SN1 and SN2 Mechanisms Compared£¨SN1ºÍSN2·´Ó¦ »úÖƵıȽϣ© 1516.7 Dehydrohalogenation, an Elimination Reaction; the E2 and E1 Mechanisms£¨Íѱ»¯Ç⣬Ïû³ý·´Ó¦£»Ë«·Ö×ÓÏû³ýºÍµ¥·Ö×ÓÏû³ý»úÖÆ£© 1536.8 Substitution and Elimination in Competition£¨È¡´ú·´Ó¦ºÍÏû³ý ·´Ó¦µÄÏ໥¾ºÕù£© 1546.9 Polyhalogenated Aliphatic Compounds£¨¶à±´úÖ¬·¾Ìþ£© 1567 Alcohols, Phenols, and Thiols£¨´¼£¬·ÓºÍÁò´¼£© 1627.1 Nomenclature of Alcohols£¨´¼µÄÃüÃû£© 1637.2 Classification of Alcohols£¨´¼µÄ·ÖÀࣩ 1647.3 Nomenclature of Phenols£¨·ÓµÄÃüÃû£© 1647.4 Hydrogen Bonding in Alcohols and Phenols £¨´¼ºÍ·Ó·Ö×ÓÖеÄÇâ¼ü£© 1657.5 Acidity and Basicity Reviewed£¨ËáÐԺͼîÐÔ£© 1667.6 The Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols£¨´¼ºÍ·ÓµÄËáÐÔ£© 1687.7 The Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols£¨´¼ºÍ·ÓµÄ¼îÐÔ£© 1707.8 Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes £¨´¼ÍÑË®Éú³ÉÏ©ÌþµÄ·´Ó¦£© 1707.9 The Reaction of Alcohols with Hydrogen Halides £¨´¼Óë±»¯ÇâµÄ·´Ó¦£© 1727.10 Other Ways to Prepare Alkyl Halides from Alcohols £¨ÓÉ´¼ÖƱ¸Â±´úÌþµÄ·½·¨£© 1737.11 A Comparison of Alcohols and Phenols£¨´¼ºÍ·ÓµÄ±È½Ï£© 1747.12 Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids£¨´¼µÄÑõ»¯·´Ó¦¡ª¡ªÉú³ÉÈ©£¬ÍªºÍôÈËᣩ 1747.13 Alcohols with More Than One Hydroxyl Group£¨¶àÔª´¼£© 1757.14 Aromatic Substitution in Phenols£¨·ÓµÄ·¼ÏãÈ¡´ú·´Ó¦£© 1767.15 Oxidation of Phenols£¨·ÓµÄÑõ»¯·´Ó¦£© 1777.16 Phenols as Antioxidants£¨·ÓÀ࿹Ñõ»¯¼Á£© 1777.17 Tests for Phenols£¨·ÓµÄ¼ø±ð£© 1787.18 Thiols, the Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols and Phenols £¨Áò´¼£¬´¼ºÍ·ÓµÄÁòÀàËÆÎ 1788 Ethers and Epoxides£¨ÃѺͻ·Ñõ»¯ºÏÎ 1848.1 Nomenclature of Ethers£¨ÃѵÄÃüÃû£© 1858.2 Physical Properties of Ethers£¨ÃѵÄÎïÀíÐÔÖÊ£© 1868.3 Ethers as Solvents£¨ÃÑ×÷ÈܼÁ£© 1868.4 The Grignard Reagent; an Organometallic Compound£¨¸ñÀûÑÅÊÔ¼Á£»Ò»ÖÖÓлú½ðÊô»¯ºÏÎ 1878.5 Preparation of Ethers£¨ÃѵÄÖƱ¸£© 1898.6 Cleavage of Ethers£¨ÃѵÄÁѽ⣩ 1908.7 Epoxides (Oxiranes)£Û»·Ñõ»¯Î»·ÑõÒÒÍ飩£Ý 1928.8 Reactions of Epoxides£¨»·Ñõ»¯ÎïµÄ·´Ó¦£© 1928.9 Cyclic Ethers£¨»·ÃÑ£© 1949 Aldehydes and Ketones£¨È©ºÍͪ£© 2009.1 Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones£¨È©ºÍͪµÄÃüÃû£© 2019.2 Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones£¨³£¼ûµÄÈ©ºÍͪ£© 2029.3 Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones£¨È©ºÍͪµÄÖƱ¸£© 2039.4 Aldehydes and Ketones in Nature£¨ÌìȻȩͪ£© 2049.5 The Carbonyl Group£¨ôÊ»ù£© 2059.6 Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Groups: An Overview £¨ôÊ»ùµÄÇ׺˼ӳɣº¸ÅÊö£© 2069.7 Addition of Alcohols: Formation of Hemiacetals and Acetals £¨Óë´¼¼Ó³É£ºÉú³É°ëËõÈ©ºÍËõÈ©£© 2079.8 Addition of Water; Hydration of Aldehydes and Ketones £¨ÓëË®¼Ó³É£ºÈ©ÍªµÄË®ºÏ£© 2109.9 Addition of Grignard Reagents and Acetylides £¨ÓëGrignardÊÔ¼ÁºÍȲ»¯Îï¼Ó³É£© 2119.10 Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide; Cyanohydrins £¨ÓëÇâÇèËá¼Ó³É£ºÉú³ÉÇè´¼£© 2139.11 Addition of Nitrogen Nucleophiles£¨Ó뺬µªÇ׺ËÊÔ¼Á¼Ó³É£© 2149.12 Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds£¨ôÊ»ù»¯ºÏÎïµÄ»¹Ô­£© 2159.13 Oxidation of Carbonyl Compounds£¨ôÊ»ù»¯ºÏÎïµÄÑõ»¯£© 2169.14 Keto?CEnol Tautomerism£¨ÍªÊ½-Ï©´¼Ê½»¥±äÒì¹¹£© 2179.15 Acidity of a-Hydrogens; the Enolate Anion £¨a-ÇâµÄËáÐÔ£»Ï©´¼¸ºÀë×Ó£© 2189.16 Deuterium Exchange in Carbonyl Compounds £¨ôÊ»ù»¯ºÏÎïµÄë®´ú£© 2199.17 Halogenation£¨Â±´ú·´Ó¦£© 2209.18 The Aldol Condensation£¨´¼È©ËõºÏ·´Ó¦£© 2219.19 The Mixed Aldol Condensation£¨»ìºÏ´¼È©ËõºÏ£© 2229.20 Commercial Syntheses via the Aldol Condensation £¨´¼È©ËõºÏ·´Ó¦ÔںϳÉÖеÄÓ¦Óã© 22310 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives £¨ôÈËá¼°ÆäÑÜÉúÎ 23010.1 Nomenclature of Acids£¨ôÈËáµÄÃüÃû£© 23110.2 Physical Properties of Acids£¨ôÈËáµÄÎïÀíÐÔÖÊ£© 23410.3 Acidity and Acidity Constants£¨ËáÐÔºÍËá¶È³£Êý£© 23510.4 What Makes Carboxylic Acids Acidic?£¨ôÈËáµÄËáÐÔ»ù£© 23610.5 Effect of Structure on Acidity; the Inductive Effect Revisited £¨ôÈËáµÄ½á¹¹¶ÔËáÐÔµÄÓ°Ï죻ÓÕµ¼Ð§Ó¦µÄÓ°Ï죩 23710.6 Conversion of Acids to Salts£¨³ÉÑη´Ó¦£© 23810.7 Preparation of Acids£¨ôÈËáµÄÖƱ¸£© 23910.8 Decarboxylation£¨ÍÑôÈ·´Ó¦£© 24210.9 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives£¨ôÈËáÑÜÉúÎ 24210.10 Esters£¨õ¥£© 24210.11 Preparation of Esters; Fischer Esterification £¨õ¥µÄÖƱ¸£»Fischerõ¥»¯·´Ó¦£© 24310.12 The Mechanism of Acid-Catalyzed Esterification; Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution£¨Ëá´ß»¯õ¥»¯·´Ó¦»úÖÆ£»õ£»ùµÄÇ׺ËÈ¡´ú£© 24410.13 Lactones£¨ÄÚõ¥£© 24510.14 Saponification of Esters£¨õ¥µÄÔí»¯·´Ó¦£© 24610.15 Ammonolysis of Esters£¨õ¥µÄ°±½â£© 24610.16 Reaction of Esters with Grignard Reagents £¨õ¥Óë¸ñÀûÑÅÊÔ¼ÁµÄ·´Ó¦£© 24710.17 Reduction of Esters£¨õ¥µÄ»¹Ô­£© 24710.18 The Need for Activated Acyl Compounds £¨õ£»ù»¯ºÏÎï»îÐÔµÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØ£© 24810.19 Acyl Halides£¨õ£Â±£© 24810.20 Acid Anhydrides£¨Ëáôû£© 25010.21 Amides£¨õ£°·£© 25210.22 A Summary of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives£¨ôÈËáÑÜÉúÎïС½á£© 25310.23 The a-Hydrogen of Esters; the Claisen Condensation £¨õ¥µÄa-Ç⣻ClaisenËõºÏ£© 25511 Amines and Related Nitrogen Compounds£¨°·ºÍÏà¹Øº¬µª»¯ºÏÎ 26311.1 Classification and Structure of Amines£¨°·µÄ½á¹¹ºÍ·ÖÀࣩ 26411.2 Nomenclature of Amines£¨°·µÄÃüÃû£© 26511.3 Physical Properties and Intermolecular Interactions of Amines £¨°·µÄÎïÀíÐÔÖʺͷÖ×Ó¼äÏ໥×÷Óã© 26611.4 Preparation of Amines; Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines £¨°·µÄÖƱ¸£»°±ºÍ°·µÄÍé»ù»¯£© 26711.5 Preparation of Amines; Reduction of Nitrogen Compounds £¨°·µÄÖƱ¸£»º¬µª»¯ºÏÎïµÄ»¹Ô­£© 26911.6 The Basicity of Amines£¨°·µÄ¼îÐÔ£© 27111.7 Comparison of the Basicity and Acidity of Amines and Amides £¨°·ºÍõ£°·µÄËá¼îÐԱȽϣ© 27311.8 Reaction of Amines with Strong Acids; Amine Salts £¨°·ÓëÇ¿ËáµÄ·´Ó¦£»°·ÑΣ© 27411.9 Chiral Amines as Resolving Agents£¨ÊÖÐÔ°·×÷Ϊ²ð·ÖÊÔ¼Á£© 27611.10 Acylation of Amines with Acid Derivatives £¨°·ÓëôÈËáÑÜÉúÎïµÄõ£»¯·´Ó¦£© 27611.11 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds£¨¼¾ï§»¯ºÏÎ 27811.12 Aromatic Diazonium Compounds£¨·¼ÏãÖصª»¯ºÏÎ 27811.13 Diazo Coupling; Azo Dyes£¨ÖصªÅ¼Áª·´Ó¦£»Å¼µªÈ¾ÁÏ£© 28112 Spectroscopy and Structure Determination£¨²¨Æ×ѧºÍ½á¹¹²â¶¨£© 28712.1 Principles of Spectroscopy£¨²¨Æ×ѧԭÀí£© 28812.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy £¨ºË´Å¹²Õñ²¨Æ×£© 28912.3 13C NMR Spectroscopy£¨13C NMRÆ×£© 29712.4 Infrared Spectroscopy£¨ºìÍâ¹âÆ×£© 29912.5 Visible and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy£¨×ÏÍâ-¿É¼û¹âÆ×£© 30212.6 Mass Spectrometry£¨ÖÊÆ×£© 30413 Heterocyclic Compounds£¨ÔÓ»·»¯ºÏÎ 31513.1 Pyridine: Bonding and Basicity£¨ßÁणº½á¹¹ºÍ¼îÐÔ£© 31613.2 Substitution in Pyridine£¨ßÁवÄÈ¡´ú·´Ó¦£© 31713.3 Other Six-Membered Heterocycles£¨ÆäËûÁùÔªÔÓ»·£© 31913.4 Five-Membered Heterocycles: Furan, Pyrrole, and Thiophene £¨ÎåÔªÔÓ»·£ºß»à«£¬ßÁ¿©ºÍàç·Ô£© 32213.5 Electrophilic Substitution in Furan, Pyrrole, and Thiophene £¨ß»à«£¬ßÁ¿©ºÍàç·ÔµÄÇ×µçÈ¡´ú·´Ó¦£© 32313.6 Other Five-Membered Heterocycles: Azoles £¨ÆäËûÎåÔªÔÓ»·£»ßòÀࣩ 32413.7 Fused-Ring Five-Membered Heterocycles: Indoles and Purines £¨³í»·ÀàÎåÔªÔÓ»·£ºßÅßáºÍàÑßÊ£© 32514 Synthetic Polymers£¨ºÏ³É¸ß¾ÛÎ 33114.1 Classification of Polymers£¨¸ß¾ÛÎïµÄ·ÖÀࣩ 33214.2 Free-Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization£¨×ÔÓÉ»ùÁ´Ôö³¤¾ÛºÏ£© 33214.3 Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization£¨ÑôÀë×ÓÁ´Ôö³¤¾ÛºÏ£© 33614.4 Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization£¨ÒõÀë×ÓÁ´Ôö³¤¾ÛºÏ£© 33714.5 Stereoregular Polymers; Ziegler-Natta Polymerization £¨ÓйæÁ¢¹¹¸ß¾ÛÎÆë¸ñÀÕ-ÄÉËþ¾ÛºÏ£© 33814.6 Diene Polymers: Natural and Synthetic Rubber £¨¶þÏ©¸ß¾ÛÎÌìÈ»Ï𽺺ͺϳÉÏ𽺣© 33914.7 Copolymers£¨¹²¾ÛÎ 34114.8 Step-Growth Polymerization: Dacron and Nylon £¨Öð²½Ôö³¤¾ÛºÏ£ºµÓÂÚºÍÄáÁú£© 34214.9 Other Step-Growth Polymers£¨ÆäËûÖð²½Ôö³¤¾ÛºÏÎ 34415 Lipids and Detergents£¨Ö¬ÀàºÍÏ´µÓ¼Á£© 35015.1 Fats and Oils; Triesters of Glycerol£¨ÓÍÖ¬£»¸ÊÓÍÈýõ¥£© 35115.2 Hydrogenation of Vegetable Oils£¨Ö²ÎïÓ͵ÄÇ⻯·´Ó¦£© 35415.3 Saponification of Fats and Oils; Soap £¨ÓÍÖ¬µÄÔí»¯·´Ó¦£»·ÊÔí£© 35415.4 How Do Soaps Work?£¨·ÊÔíÈçºÎÈ¥ÎÛ£¿£© 35515.5 Synthetic Detergents (Syndets)£¨È˹¤ºÏ³ÉÏ´µÓ¼Á£© 35615.6 Phospholipids£¨Á×Ö¬£© 35915.7 Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Lipoxins £¨Ç°ÁÐÏÙËØ£¬°×ÈýÏ©ºÍÖ¬ÑõËØ£© 35915.8 Waxes£¨À¯£© 36015.9 Terpenes and Steroids£¨ÝÆÀàºÍçÞÌ廯ºÏÎ 36116 Carbohydrates£¨ÌÇÀࣩ 36816.1 Definitions and Classification£¨ÌǵĶ¨ÒåºÍ·ÖÀࣩ 36916.2 Monosaccharides£¨µ¥ÌÇ£© 36916.3 Chirality in Monosaccharides; Fischer Projection Formulas and D, L-Sugars£¨µ¥ÌǵÄÊÖÐÔ£»FischerͶӰʽºÍD,L-ÐÍÌÇ£© 37016.4 The Cyclic Hemiacetal Structures of Monosaccharides £¨µ¥ÌǵĻ·×´°ëËõÈ©½á¹¹£© 37316.5 Anomeric Carbons; Mutarotation£¨Òìͷ̼£»±äÐý¹âÏÖÏó£© 37516.6 Pyranose and Furanose Structures£¨ßÁà«ÌǺÍß»à«ÌǵĽṹ£© 37616.7 Conformations of Pyranoses£¨ßÁà«ÌǵĹ¹Ïó£© 37716.8 Esters and Ethers from Monosaccharides £¨µ¥ÌǵijÉõ¥ºÍ³ÉÃÑ·´Ó¦£© 37816.9 Reduction of Monosaccharides£¨µ¥ÌǵĻ¹Ô­£© 37916.10 Oxidation of Monosaccharides£¨µ¥ÌǵÄÑõ»¯£© 37916.11 Formation of Glycosides from Monosaccharides £¨µ¥ÌǵijÉÜÕ·´Ó¦£© 38016.12 Disaccharides£¨Ë«ÌÇ£© 38216.13 Polysaccharides£¨¶àÌÇ£© 38516.14 Sugar Phosphates£¨ÌǵÄÁ×Ëáõ¥£© 38816.15 Deoxy Sugars£¨ÍÑÑõÌÇ£© 38816.16 Amino Sugars£¨°±»ùÌÇ£© 38916.17 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)£Û¿¹»µÑªËᣨάÉúËØC£©£Ý 38917 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins £¨°±»ùËᣬëĺ͵°°×ÖÊ£© 39417.1 Naturally Occurring Amino Acids£¨ÌìÈ»°±»ùËᣩ 39517.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids£¨°±»ùËáµÄËá¼îÐÔ£© 39717.3 The Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids with More Than One Acidic or Basic Group£¨º¬Óжà¸öËáÐÔ»ò¼îÐÔ»ùÍÅ°±»ùËáµÄËá¼îÐÔ£© 39917.4 Electrophoresis£¨µçÓ¾£© 40117.5 Reactions of Amino Acids£¨°±»ùËáµÄ·´Ó¦£© 40117.6 The Ninhydrin Reaction£¨ÜáÈýͪ·´Ó¦£© 40217.7 Peptides£¨ëÄ£© 40217.8 The Disulfide Bond£¨¶þÁò¼ü£© 40417.9 Proteins£¨µ°°×ÖÊ£© 40417.10 The Primary Structure of Proteins£¨µ°°×ÖʵÄÒ»¼¶½á¹¹£© 40417.11 The Logic of Sequence Determination £¨ÐòÁвⶨµÄÍÆÀí·½·¨£© 40817.12 Secondary Structure of Proteins£¨µ°°×ÖʵĶþ¼¶½á¹¹£© 40917.13 Tertiary Structure: Fibrous and Globular Proteins£¨Èý¼¶½á¹¹£ºÏËάµ°°×ºÍÇòµ°°×£© 41017.14 Quaternary Protein Structure£¨µ°°×ÖʵÄËļ¶½á¹¹£© 41318 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids£¨ºËÜÕËáºÍºËËᣩ 41918.1 The General Structure of Nucleic Acids£¨ºËËáµÄÒ»°ã½á¹¹£© 42018.2 Components of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) £¨ÍÑÑõºËÌǺËËáµÄ×é³É£© 42018.3 Nucleosides£¨ºËÜÕ£© 42118.4 Nucleotides£¨ºËÜÕËᣩ 42218.5 The Primary Structure of DNA£¨DNAµÄÒ»¼¶½á¹¹£© 42418.6 Sequencing Nucleic Acids£¨ºËËáµÄ²âÐò£© 42418.7 Secondary DNA Structure; the Double Helix £¨DNAµÄ¶þ¼¶½á¹¹£»Ë«ÂÝÐý½á¹¹£© 42518.8 DNA Replication£¨DNA¸´ÖÆ£© 42718.9 Ribonucleic Acids; RNA£¨ºËÌǺËË᣻RNA£© 42818.10 The Genetic Code and Protein Biosynthesis £¨ÒÅ´«ÃÜÂëºÍµ°°×ÖʵÄÉúÎïºÏ³É£© 42918.11 Other Biologically Important Nucleotides £¨ÉúÎïѧÉÏÆäËûµÄÖØÒªºËÜÕËᣩ 431