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abstract
acknowledgements
list of symbols
chapter 1 introduction
1.1 background
1.2 research objectives
1.3 outline of the book
chapter 2 literature review
2.1 introduction
2.2 non-coaxiality of soil behaviour
2.2.1 definition of non-coaxiality
2.2.2 previous studies on non-coaxiality
2.2.3 previous numerical studies on non-coaxiality
2.3 hollow cylinder apparatus
2.3.1 introduction
2.3.2 principles of hollow cylinder testing
2.3.3 stress distribution in hollow cylinder specimens
2.3.4 specimen geometry
2.3.5 membrane penetration errors
2.3.6 previous experimental studies using hca
2.4 previous studies on non-coaxiality of soil behaviour using hca
2.5 summary
chapter 3 experimental methodology
3.1 introduction
3.2 ncg hollow cylinder apparatus
3.2.1 introduction
3.2.2 equipment setup
3.2.3 loading system and measuring instrumentation
3.2.4 control software
3.3 tested materials
3.3.1 index properties
3.3.2 particle shapes
3.4 testing procedures
3.4.1 specimen preparation
3.4.2 saturation and consolidation
3.4.3 test control
3.4.4 stress paths
3.5 equipment evaluation
3.5.1 preliminary experiments
3.5.2 repeatability of test results
3.5.3 hollow cylinder test versus triaxial test
3.5.4 membrane penetration error correction
3.6 summary
chapter 4 monotonic loading tests
4.1 introduction
4.2 test details
4.2.1 initial conditions
4.2.2 stress paths
4.3 general soil behaviour
4.3.1 series f-d: dense sand
4.3.2 series f- m: medium dense sand
4.3.3 discussion and comparison
4.4 non-coaxial soil behaviour
4.4.1 series f- d: dense sand
4.4.2 series f- d: medium dense sand
4.4.3 discussion and comparison
4.5 summary
chapter 5 pure rotation tests
5.1 introduction
5.2 testing procedures
5.2.1 testing conditions
5.2.2 stress paths followed
5.2.3 variations of stresses
5.3 tests on portaway sand
5.3.1 general soil, behaviour
5.3.2 non-coaxial behaviour
5.4 tests on leighton buzzard sand
5.4.1 general soil behaviour
5.4.2 non-coaxial behaviour
5.5 comparison and discussion
5.6 summary
chapter 6 combined loading tests
6.1 introduction
6.2 testing procedures
6.3 general soil behaviour
6.3.1 stress variation
6.3.2 strain variation
6.3.3 effect of density
6.4 non-coaxial soil behaviour
6.5 comparison and discussion
6.6 summary
chapter 7 summary and conclusions
7.1 summary
7.1.1 background on non-coaxiality
7.1.2 reason to study the non-coaxial soil behaviour
7.1.3 experimental techniques
7.2 conclusions
7.2.1 behaviour under monotonic loading
7.2.2 behaviour under pure rotation of a
7.2.3 behaviour under combined loading
7.3 recommendations for future research
7.3.1 update of the experimental techniques
7.3.2 experimental work
list of tables
list of figures
references