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unit 1¡¡introduction
1.1¡¡the rapid development of english
1.2¡¡the demand for english
1.3¡¡the future of english
exercises

unit 2¡¡the development of english vocabulary
2.1¡¡english in relation to language families and itsdevelopment
2.2¡¡the indo-european language family
2.3¡¡native words and borrowed words
2.4¡¡english people and english vocabulary
2.5¡¡the divisions of the history of the english language
2.6¡¡the perfection of the english language
exercises

unit 3 lexicology and some concepts of words and vocabulary
3.1¡¡definition of lexicology
3.2¡¡connection of lexicology with other branches oflinguistics
3.3¡¡two approaches to the study of english lexicology
3.4¡¡aims and significance of the course of english lexicology
3.5¡¡some basic concepts of words and vocabulary
3.6¡¡classification of words
3.7¡¡word structure
exercises

unit 4¡¡word-formation
4.1¡¡derivation & affixation
4.2¡¡compounding£¨compound/composition£©
4.3¡¡conversion
4.4¡¡abbreviation
4.5¡¡blending
4.6¡¡back-formation
4.7¡¡onomatopoeia
4.8¡¡word from proper names
exercises

unit 5¡¡word meaning
5.1¡¡the meaning of the words
5.2¡¡relationship between meaning and the object
5.3¡¡meaning and motivation
5.4¡¡main types of word meaning
exercises

unit 6¡¡sense relations £¨i£©
6.1¡¡introduction
6.2¡¡polysemy and homonymy
6.3¡¡homonymy
6.4¡¡semantic fields
6.5¡¡componential analysis
6.6¡¡ambiguity and vagueness
6.7¡¡what is a vague word?
exercises

unit 7¡¡sense relations £¨ii£©
7.1¡¡introduction
7.2¡¡synonymy and synonyms
7.3¡¡association and collocation
7.4¡¡antonyrny and antonyms
7.5¡¡some characteristics of antonyms and the use of antonyms
7.6¡¡hyponymy
7.7¡¡hyponymy and meronymy
exercises

unit 8¡¡changes in word meaning
8.1¡¡changes in meaning
8.2¡¡four tendencies in semantic change
8.3¡¡semantic change from the litera] use of words to theirfigurative use
8.4¡¡why does language change?
8.5¡¡neologisms
8.6¡¡causes of changes
exercises

unit 9¡¡context and meaning
9.1¡¡types of context
9.2¡¡clues for inferring word meaning in context
exercises

unit 10¡¡english idioms
10.1¡¡the definition of idioms
10.2¡¡the significances of studying english idioms
10.3¡¡sources of idioms
10.4¡¡the features of english idioms
10.5¡¡english idioms in different styles
10.6¡¡classification of english idioms
10.7¡¡using idioms
exercises

unit 11¡¡british and american english
11 1¡¡british and american english
11 2¡¡the historical background of american english
11 3¡¡differences between british english and american english
11 4¡¡characteristics of american english
11 5¡¡two contrasting word-lists
11 6¡¡british and american english in the future
exercises

unit 12¡¡english dictionaries
12.1¡¡the development of dictionaries
12.2¡¡types of dictionaries
12.3¡¡using a dictionary
exercises
keys to exercises
glossary
bibliography