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Preface
Chapter1GraphicsSystemsandModels
1.1ApplicationsofComputerGraphics
1.1.1DisplayofInformation
1.1.2Design
1.1.3SimulationandAnimation
1.1.4UserInterfaces
1.2AGraphicsSystem
1.2.1PixelsandtheFrameBuffer
1.2.2OutputDevices
1.2.3InputDevices
1.3Images:PhysicalandSynthetic
1.3.1ObjectsandViewers
1.3.2LightandImages
1.3.3RayTracing
1.4TheHumanVisualSystem
1.5ThePinholeCamera
1.6TheSynthetic-CameraModel
1.7TheProgrammer'sInterface
1.7.1ApplicationProgrammer'sInterfaces
1.7.2ThePen-PlotterModel
1.7.3Three-DimensionalAPIs
1.7.4ASequenceofImages
1.7.5TheModeling-RenderingParadigm
1.8GraphicsArchitectures
1.8.1DisplayProcessors
1.8.2PipelineArchitectures
1.8.3Transformations
1.8.4Clipping
1.8.5Projection
1.8.6Rasterization
1.8.7PerformanceCharacteristics
1.9SummaryandNotes
1.10SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter2GraphicsProgramming
2.1TheSierpinskiGasket
2.2ProgrammingTwo-DimensionalApplications
2.2.1CoordinateSystems
2.3TheOpenGLAPI
2.3.1GraphicsFunctions
2.3.2TheGraphicsPipelineandStateMachines
2.3.3TheOpenGLInterface
2.4PrimitivesandAttributes
2.4.1PolygonBasics
2.4.2PolygonTypesinOpenGL
2.4.3DrawingaSphere
2.4.4Text
2.4.5CurvedObjects
2.4.6Attributes
2.5Color
2.5.1RGBColor
2.5.2IndexedColor
2.5.3SettingofColorAttributes
2.6Viewing
2.6.1Two-DimensionalViewing
2.6.2TheOrthographicView
2.6.3MatrixModes
2.7ControlFunctions
2.7.1InteractionwiththeWindowSystem
2.7.2AspectRatioandViewports
2.7.3Themain,display,andmyinitFunctions
2.7.4ProgramStructure
2.8TheGasketProgram
2.9PolygonsandRecursion
2.10TheThree-DimensionalGasket
2.10.1UseofThree-DimensionalPoints
2.10.2UseofPolygonsinThreeDimensions
2.10.3Hidden-SurfaceRemoval
2.11SummaryandNotes
2.12SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter3InputandInteraction
3.1Interaction
3.2InputDevices
3.2.1PhysicalInputDevices
3.2.2LogicalDevices
3.2.3MeasureandTrigger
3.2.4InputModes
3.3ClientsandServers
3.4DisplayLists
3.4.1DefinitionandExecutionofDisplayLists
3.4.2TextandDisplayLists
3.4.3FontsinGLUT
3.5ProgrammingEvent-DrivenInput
3.5.1UsingthePointingDevice
3.5.2WindowEvents
3.5.3KeyboardEvents
3.5.4TheDisplayandIdleCallbacks
3.5.5WindowManagement
3.6Menus
3.7Picking
3.7.1PickingandSelectionMode
3.8ASimplePaintProgram
3.9AnimatingInteractivePrograms
3.9.1TheRotatingSquare
3.9.2DoubleBuffering
3.9.3OtherBufferingProblems
3.10DesignofInteractivePrograms
3.10.1Toolkits,Widgets,andtheFrameBuffer
3.11LogicOperations
3.11.1DrawingErasableLines
3.11.2XORandColor
3.11.3CursorsandOverlayPlanes
3.12SummaryandNotes
3.13SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter4GeometricObjectsandTransformations
4.1Scalars,Points,andVectors
4.1.1TheGeometricView
4.1.2Coordinate-FreeGeometry
4.1.3TheMathematicalView:VectorandAffineSpaces
4.1.4TheComputer-ScienceView
4.1.5GeometricADTs
4.1.6Lines
4.1.7AffineSums
4.1.8Convexity
4.1.9DotandCrossProducts
4.1.10Planes
4.2Three-DimensionalPrimitives
4.3CoordinateSystemsandFrames
4.3.1RepresentationsandN-tuples
4.3.2ChangesofCoordinateSystems
4.3.3ExampleofChangeofRepresentation
4.3.4HomogeneousCoordinates
4.3.5ExampleofChangeinFrames
4.3.6WorkingwithRepresentations
4.3.7FramesandADTs
4.3.8FramesinOpenGL
4.4ModelingaColoredCube
4.4.1ModelingofaCube
4.4.2Inward-andOutward-PointingFaces
4.4.3DataStructuresforObjectRepresentation
4.4.4TheColorCube
4.4.5BilinearInterpolation
4.4.6VertexArrays
4.5AffineTransformations
4.6Translation,Rotation,andScaling
4.6.1Translation
4.6.2Rotation
4.6.3Scaling
4.7TransformationsinHomogeneousCoordinates
4.7.1Translation
4.7.2Scaling
4.7.3Rotation
4.7.4Shear
4.8ConcatenationofTransformations
4.8.1RotationAboutaFixedPoint
4.8.2GeneralRotation
4.8.3TheInstanceTransformation
4.8.4RotationAboutanArbitraryAxis
4.9OpenGLTransformationMatrices
4.9.1TheCurrentTransformationMatrix
4.9.2Rotation,Translation,andScaling
4.9.3RotationAboutaFixedPointinOpenGL
4.9.4OrderofTransformations
4.9.5SpinningoftheCube
4.9.6Loading,Pushing,andPoppingMatrices
4.10InterfacestoThree-DimensionalApplications
4.10.1UsingAreasoftheScreen
4.10.2AVirtualTrackball
4.10.3SmoothRotations
4.10.4IncrementalRotation
4.11Quaternions
4.11.1ComplexNumbersandQuaternions
4.11.2QuaternionsandRotation
4.12SummaryandNotes
4.13SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter5Viewing
5.1ClassicalandComputerViewing
5.1.1ClassicalViewing
5.1.2OrthographicProjections
5.1.3AxonometricProjections
5.1.4ObliqueProjections
5.1.5PerspectiveViewing
5.2ViewingwithaComputer
5.3PositioningoftheCamera
5.3.1PositioningoftheCameraFrame
5.3.2TwoViewingAPIs
5.3.3TheLook-AtFunction
5.3.4OtherViewingAPIs
5.4SimpleProjections
5.4.1PerspectiveProjections
5.4.2OrthogonalProjections
5.5ProjectionsinOpenGL
5.5.1PerspectiveinOpenGL
5.5.2ParallelViewinginOpenGL
5.6Hidden-SurfaceRemoval
5.6.1Culling
5.7WalkingThroughaScene
5.8Parallel-ProjectionMatrices
5.8.1ProjectionNormalization
5.8.2Orthogonal-ProjectionMatrices
5.8.3ObliqueProjections
5.9Perspective-ProjectionMatrices
5.9.1PerspectiveNormalization
5.9.2OpenGLPerspectiveTransformations
5.10ProjectionsandShadows
5.11SummaryandNotes
5.12SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter6Shading
6.1LightandMatter
6.2LightSources
6.2.1ColorSources
6.2.2AmbientLight
6.2.3PointSources
6.2.4Spotlights
6.2.5DistantLightSources
6.3ThePhongReflectionModel
6.3.1AmbientReflection
6.3.2DiffuseReflection
6.3.3SpecularReflection
6.4ComputationofVectors
6.4.1NormalVectors
6.4.2AngleofReflection
6.4.3UseoftheHalfwayVector
6.4.4TransmittedLight
6.5PolygonalShading
6.5.1FlatShading
6.5.2InterpolativeandGouraudShading
6.5.3PhongShading
6.6ApproximationofaSpherebyRecursiveSubdivision
6.7LightSourcesinOpenGL
6.8SpecificationofMaterialsinOpenGL
6.9ShadingoftheSphereModel
6.10GlobalRendering
6.11SummaryandNotes
6.12SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter7DiscreteTechniques
7.1Buffers
7.2DigitalImages
7.3WritesintoBuffers
7.3.1WritingModes
7.3.2WriteswithXOR
7.4BitandPixelOperationsinOpenGL
7.4.1OpenGLBuffersandthePixelPipeline
7.4.2Bitmaps
7.4.3RasterFonts
7.4.4PixelsandImages
7.4.5LookupTables
7.4.6BuffersforPicking
7.5MappingMethods
7.6TextureMapping
7.6.1Two-DimensionalTextureMapping
7.6.2TextureMappinginOpenGL
7.6.3TextureObjects
7.6.4Multitexturing
7.6.5TextureGeneration
7.7EnvironmentalMaps
7.8BumpMaps
7.9CompositingTechniques
7.9.1OpacityandBlending
7.9.2ImageCompositing
7.9.3BlendingandCompositinginOpenGL
7.9.4Antialiasing
7.9.5Back-to-FrontandFront-to-BackRendering
7.9.6DepthCueingandFog
7.10MultirenderingandtheAccumulationBuffer
7.10.1SceneAntialiasing
7.10.2BumpMappingandEmbossing
7.10.3ImageProcessing
7.10.4ImagingExtensions
7.10.5OtherMultipassMethods
7.11SamplingandAliasing
7.11.1SamplingTheory
7.11.2Reconstruction
7.11.3Quantization
7.12SummaryandNotes
7.13SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter8ImplementationofaRenderer
8.1BasicImplementationStrategies
8.2FourMajorTasks
8.2.1Modeling
8.2.2GeometricProcessing
8.2.3Rasterization
8.2.4Display
8.3ImplementationofTransformations
8.4Line-SegmentClipping
8.4.1Cohen-SutherlandClipping
8.4.2Liang-BarskyClipping
8.5PolygonClipping
8.6ClippingofOtherPrimitives
8.6.1BoundingBoxesandVolumes
8.6.2Curves,Surfaces,andText
8.6.3ClippingintheFrameBuffer
8.7ClippinginThreeDimensions
8.8Hidden-SurfaceRemoval
8.8.1Object-SpaceandImage-SpaceApproaches
8.8.2SortingandHidden-SurfaceRemoval
8.8.3Back-FaceRemoval
8.8.4Thez-BufferAlgorithm
8.8.5DepthSortandthePainter'sAlgorithm
8.8.6TheScan-LineAlgorithm
8.9ScanConversion
8.10Bresenham'sAlgorithm
8.11ScanConversionofPolygons
8.11.1Inside-OutsideTesting
8.11.2OpenGLandConcavePolygons
8.11.3ScanConversionwiththez-Buffer
8.11.4FillandSort
8.11.5FloodFill
8.11.6Scan-LineAlgorithms
8.11.7Singularities
8.12Antialiasing
8.13DisplayConsiderations
8.13.1ColorSystems
8.13.2TheColorMatrix
8.13.3GammaCorrection
8.13.4DitheringandHalftoning
8.14SummaryandNotes
8.15References
Exercises
Chapter9HierarchicalandObject-OrientedModeling
9.1SymbolsandInstances
9.2HierarchicalModels
9.3ARobotArm
9.4TreesandTraversal
9.4.1AStack-BasedTraversal
9.5UseofTreeDataStructures
9.6Animation
9.7GraphicalObjects
9.7.1Methods,Attributes,andMessages
9.7.2ACubeObject
9.7.3ImplementingtheCubeObject
9.7.4ObjectsandHierarchy
9.7.5GeometricObjects
9.8SceneGraphs
9.9ASimpleSceneGraphAPI
9.9.1TheNodeClass
9.9.2GeometryNodes
9.9.3CameraClass
9.9.4LightsandMaterials
9.9.5Transformations
9.9.6TheRobotFigure
9.9.7ImplementingtheViewer
9.9.8ImplementingaNode
9.10OtherTreeStructures
9.10.1CSGTrees
9.10.2ShadeTrees
9.10.3BSPTrees
9.10.4QuadtreesandOctrees
9.11GraphicsandtheWeb
9.11.1NetworksandProtocols
9.11.2HypermediaandHTML
9.11.3DatabasesandVRML
9.11.4JAVAandApplets
9.12SummaryandNotes
9.13SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter10CurvesandSurfaces
10.1RepresentationofCurvesandSurfaces
10.1.1ExplicitRepresentation
10.1.2ImplicitRepresentations
10.1.3ParametricForm
10.1.4ParametricPolynomialCurves
10.1.5ParametricPolynomialSurfaces
10.2DesignCriteria
10.3ParametricCubicPolynomialCurves
10.4Interpolation
10.4.1BlendingFunctions
10.4.2TheCubicInterpolatingPatch
10.5HermiteCurvesandSurfaces
10.5.1TheHermiteForm
10.5.2GeometricandParametricContinuity
10.6BezierCurvesandSurfaces
10.6.1BezierCurves
10.6.2BezierSurfacePatches
10.7CubicB-Splines
10.7.1TheCubicB-SplineCurve
10.7.2B-SplinesandBasis
10.7.3SplineSurfaces
10.8GeneralB-Splines
10.8.1RecursivelyDefinedB-Splines
10.8.2UniformSplines
10.8.3NonuniformB-Splines
10.8.4NURBS
10.9RenderingofCurvesandSurfaces
10.9.1PolynomialEvaluationMethods
10.9.2RecursiveSubdivisionofBezierPolynomials
10.9.3RenderingofOtherPolynomialCurvesbySubdivision
10.9.4SubdivisionofBezierSurfaces
10.10TheUtahTeapot
10.11AlgebraicSurfaces
10.11.1Quadrics
10.11.2RenderingofSurfacesbyRayCasting
10.11.3SubdivisionCurvesandSurfaces
10.12CurvesandSurfacesinOpenGL
10.12.1BezierCurves
10.12.2BezierSurfaces
10.12.3DisplayingtheTeapot
10.12.4NURBSFunctions
10.12.5Quadrics
10.13SummaryandNotes
10.14ReferencesandNotes
Exercises
Chapter11ProceduralMethods
11.1ReasonsforUsingProceduralModels
11.2PhysicallyBasedModelsandParticleSystems
11.3NewtonianParticles
11.3.1IndependentParticles
11.3.2SpringForces
11.3.3AttractiveandRepulsiveForces
11.4SolvingParticleSystems
11.5Constraints
11.5.1Collisions
11.5.2ParticlesInsideaSphere
11.5.3SoftConstraints
11.6Language-BasedModels
11.7RecursiveMethodsandFractals
11.7.1RulersandLength
11.7.2FractalDimension
11.7.3MidpointDivisionandBrownianMotion
11.7.4FractalMountains
11.8TheMandelbrotSet
11.9SummaryandNotes
11.10SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter12Visualization
12.1Data Geometry
12.2HeightFieldsandContours
12.2.1Meshes
12.2.2ContourPlots
12.2.3MarchingSquares
12.3VisualizingSurfacesandScalarFields
12.3.1VolumetricDataSets
12.3.2VisualizationofImplicitFunctions
12.4IsosurfacesandMarchingCubes
12.5MeshSimplification
12.6DirectVolumeRendering
12.6.1AssignmentofColorandOpacity
12.6.2Splatting
12.6.3VolumeRayTracing
12.6.4TextureMappingofVolumes
12.7Vector-FieldVisualization
12.7.1Hedgehogs
12.7.2Glyphs
12.7.3Color
12.7.4ParticleTracesandStreamlines
12.8TensorVisualization
12.9SummaryandNotes
12.10SuggestedReadings
Exercises
Chapter13AdvancedRendering
13.1GoingBeyondPipelineRendering
13.2RayTracing
13.3BuildingaSimpleRayTracer
13.3.1RecursiveRayTracing
13.3.2CalculatingIntersections
13.3.3Ray-TracingVariations
13.4TheRenderingEquation
13.5Radiosity
13.5.1TheRadiosityEquation
13.5.2SolvingtheRadiosityEquation
13.5.3ComputingFormFactors
13.5.4CarryingOutRadiosity
13.6Renderman
13.7Large-ScaleRendering
13.7.1Sort-MiddleRendering
13.7.2Sort-LastRendering
13.7.3Sort-FirstRendering
13.8Image-BasedRendering
13.8.1ASimpleExample
13.9SummaryandNotes
13.10SuggestedReadings
Exercises
AppendixASamplePrograms
AppendixBSpaces
AppendixCMatrices
References
FunctionIndex
SubjectIndex